1299 CE
Kingston upon Hull is granted city status in England by royal charter of Edward I. Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old Margaret of France, the half-sister of King Philip IV ("the Fair"). 23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
- April 1 – Kingston upon Hull is granted city status in England by royal charter of Edward I.source
- July 27 – Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.source
- July 31 – Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in Corsica.source
- The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").source
Conflict & Security
- February 25 – Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.source
- May 10 – King Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince Theingapati, are executed at Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (since 1297).source
- December 1 – Battle of Falconaria: Sicilian forces under King Frederick II defeat Philip I of Taranto. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.source
- December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.source
- December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.source
Exploration & Expansion
- William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of John Balliol.source
Religion & Belief
- June 27 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of Scotland.source
Technology & Infrastructure
- The spinning wheel is now in widespread use in England for manufacturing woolen yarn.source
Crime & Justice
- King Edward I of England is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.source
- Approximate date – Rustichello da Pisa completes taking down The Travels of Marco Polo from Marco while they are both imprisoned in Genoa.source
Culture & Society
Births
- May 15 – Henry the Friendly, German nobleman and knight (d. 1327)source
- June 24 – John de Verdon, English nobleman and knight (d. 1376)source
- August 15 – Ralph de Greystoke, English landowner (d. 1323)source
- November 1 – Elizabeth de Comyn, English noblewoman (d. 1372)source
- November 2 – Alfonso IV ("the Gentle"), king of Aragon (d. 1336)source
- Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse ("the Iron"), German nobleman and regent (d. 1376)source
- Akashi Kakuichi, Japanese Buddhist monk and musician (d. 1371)source
- Galeotto I Malatesta, Italian nobleman and knight (condottiero) (d. 1385)source
- Dmitry of Tver, Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d. 1326)source
Deaths
- January 16 – Lajin, Egyptian ruler of the Mamluk Sultanatesource
- May 10 – Theingapati, Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)source
- May 10 – Kyawswa, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (b. 1260)source
- May 17 – Daumantas of Pskov, Lithuanian prince (b. 1240)source
- July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King Frederick III of Sicily on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.source
- July 15 – Eric II (Magnusson), king of Norway (b. 1268)source
- August 1 – Wolfert I van Borselen, Dutch nobleman and regentsource
- August 15 – Henry of Newark, English clerk and archbishopsource
- September 23 – Nicolas de Nonancourt, French chancellorsource
- October 8 – Jakuen, Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)source
- November 10 – John I, count of Holland, dies and is succeeded by his uncle John II. He establishes a personal union with the County of Hainaut.source
- November 10 – John I of Holland, Dutch nobleman (b. 1284)source
- November 19 – Mechtilde, German noblewoman and mysticsource
- December 31 – Margaret of Anjou, French noblewoman (b. 1272)source