Directory

1292 CE

Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election). John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates. Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.source
  • Shanghai County is established.source

Conflict & Security

  • June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV ("the Brave") begin the siege of Tarifa: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.source
  • December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I to Westminster to answer an appeal by Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer Macduff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.source
  • December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.source
  • Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of Til Hemdun, Marash and Behesni are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.source
  • King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, creating a political union in the form of the Lan Na Kingdom.source
  • Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China. The fleet travels past Champa (modern Vietnam) and the Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Daulatabad.source

Religion & Belief

  • November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).source
  • Spring – The Taxatio Ecclesiastica, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of Pope Nicholas IV. It is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.source
  • Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, "Castle of the Romans"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.source

Births

  • January 20 – Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1330)source
  • January 29 – Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Syrian polymath (d. 1350)source
  • May 28 – Philip of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1327)source
  • June 24 – Otto the Mild, German nobleman and knight (d. 1344)source
  • August 25 – Chu Văn An, Vietnamese physician and mandarin (d. 1370)source
  • October 3 – Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1337)source
  • Henry IV the Faithful, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1342)source
  • Richard of Wallingford, English mathematician (d. 1336)source
  • John Marmion, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1335)source
  • Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Tibetan religious leader (d. 1361)source
  • Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (d. 1364)source
  • John Grandisson, English chaplain and bishop (d. 1369)source
  • Gerhard III ("the Great"), German nobleman and prince (d. 1340)source
  • Evrard d'Orleans, French Gothic sculptor and painter (d. 1357)source

Deaths

  • February 6 – William VII, Italian nobleman and knight (b. 1240)source
  • February 28 – Hugh de Courtenay, English nobleman (b. 1251)source
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election).source
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV, Italian pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1227)source
  • April 16 – Thibaud Gaudin, French nobleman and Grand Mastersource
  • May 2 – Conrad II, German nobleman (House of Teck) (b. 1235)source
  • May 5 – The College of Electors select Adolf, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg Rudolf I who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.source
  • May 8 – Amato Ronconi, Italian monk, hermit and saint (b. 1226)source
  • July 24 – Kinga of Poland, Hungarian princess and abbess (b. 1224)source
  • September 25 – Alice of Saluzzo, Countess of Arundel, Savoyan noblewoman and co-rulersource
  • October 3 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun, mystic and saint (b. 1254)source
  • October 20 – Saionji Kisshi (or Ōmiya-in), empress of Japan (b. 1225)source
  • October 25 – Robert Burnell, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1239)source
  • December 8 – John Peckham, English archbishop and writer (b. 1230)source