1567 CE

In India, the Battle of Thanesar is fought in what becomes the state of Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants. The Second War of Religion begins in France, when Louis I, Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orléans), and march on Paris. Bible translations into Welsh: The New Testament is first published in Welsh, in William Salesbury's translation from the Greek.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

April 10 – Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in what becomes the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Henrique succeeds his nephew, Bernardo I of Kongo.source
July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate, and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.source
July 25 – The city of Santiago de León de Caracas is founded by Diego de Losada.source

Conflict & Security

January 20 – Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command of Estácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.source
January – A Spanish force under the command of Captain Juan Pardo establishes Fort San Juan, in the Native American settlement of Joara. The fort is the first European settlement in modern-day North Carolina.source
March 13 – Battle of Oosterweel: A Spanish mercenary army surprises and kills a band of rebels near Antwerp in the Habsburg Netherlands, beginning the Eighty Years' War.source
April 9 – In India, the Battle of Thanesar is fought in what becomes the state of Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.source
June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated by Scottish nobles at the Battle of Carberry Hill and imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.source
September 27 – After the 2-week Siege of Inabayama Castle, the Oda clan capture Gifu Castle from the Saitō clan in Japan.source
September 29 – The Second War of Religion begins in France, when Louis I, Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orléans), and march on Paris.source
November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis: Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.source

Exploration & Expansion

Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, the Ming dynasty government of China officially revokes the haijin maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.source
King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.source

Religion & Belief

October 7 – Bible translations into Welsh: The New Testament is first published in Welsh, in William Salesbury's translation from the Greek.source

Technology & Infrastructure

Construction of Villa Capra "La Rotonda" in Vicenza, designed by Andrea Palladio, begins. It will be one of the most influential designs in the history of architecture.source

Health & Medicine

August 22 – The Duke of Alba is sent to the Netherlands with a strong Spanish force, to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Lamoral, Count of Egmont imprisoned.source

Crime & Justice

February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh.source
April 12 – The Earl of Bothwell is acquitted on charges of murder in the February 10 killing of Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Upon acquittal he makes plans to become Mary's new husband.source
April 20 – The Ainslie Tavern Bond is signed by a group of Scottish clerics and nobles, recommending Bothwell as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary and approving his acquittal after trial for the murder of her previous husband.source
April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at his castle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace to Edinburgh, then rapes her.source
May 24 – Sture Murders: The mentally unstable King Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated nobles at Uppsala Castle.source

Disasters & Accidents

November 21 (10th day of 11th month, Eiroku 10) – In Japan, the Tōdai-ji Great Buddha Hall in the Nara Prefecture is destroyed after a six-month siege by Matsunaga Hisahide against Miyoshi Nagaitsu and the Miyoshi clan. Reconstruction of the temple does not take place until 140 years later in 1709.source

Culture & Society

February 4 – Prince Zhu Zaiji, son of the Jiajing Emperor, ascends the throne of Ming dynasty China as the Longqing Emperor.source
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Earl of Bothwell, under duress.source
July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.source
September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alba arrests Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn for treason.source
December 4 – Antão de Noronha, Viceroy of Portuguese India (the modern-day Indian state of Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.source
Rugby School, one of the oldest public schools in England, is founded.source

Births

January 4 – François d'Aguilon, Belgian Jesuit mathematician (d. 1617)source
January 27 – Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel, Countess Consort of Nassau-Saarbrücke (d. 1626)source
February 12 – Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (d. 1620)source
March 13 (bapt.) – Jacob van Heemskerk, Dutch admiral and explorer (d. 1607)source
May 2 – Sebald de Weert, Dutch captain, vice-admiral of the Dutch East India Company (d. 1603)source
May 9 – John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1603–1618) (d. 1618)source
May 15 – Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (d. 1643)source
August 15 – Philip III, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (1588–1620) (d. 1620)source
August 21 – Francis de Sales, Savoyard Bishop of Geneva and saint (d. 1622)source
September – Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, English landowner (d. 1643)source
November 1 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (d. 1626)source
November 7 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (d. 1643)source
November 14 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (d. 1625)source
December 18 – Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (d. 1643)source

Deaths

January 23 – After 45 years' reign, the Jiajing Emperor, Zhu Houcong, dies in the Forbidden City of China.source
February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1545)source
February 20 – Estácio de Sá, Portuguese officer, founder of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1520)source
March 31 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1504)source
April 18 – Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer (b. 1503)source
April 19 – Michael Stifel, German mathematician (b. 1487)source
May 2 – Marin Držić, Croatian writer (b. 1508)source
June 2 – Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain (b. 1530)source
June 12 – Richard Rich, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1496)source
June 19 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b. 1507)source
August 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1534)source
October 31 – Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Princess of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and by marriage Electress Palatine (b. 1519)source
November 12 – Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency, Constable of France (b. 1493)source
November 13 – Pedro de la Gasca, viceroy of Peru (b. 1485)source