Directory

1565 CE

Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines. The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá. The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.source
  • September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.source
  • October 11 – Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristocrats)).source
  • January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates.source
  • February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines.source
  • March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes a blood compact (sandugan) with Datu Sikatuna in the island of Bohol, Philippines.source
  • May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta.source
  • June 17 – (19th day of 5th month, Eiroku 8); In Japan, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the Ashikaga shogun, commits ritual suicide after Matsunaga Hisahide invades Kyoto.source
  • August 26 – The Chaseabout Raid begins in Scotland as a rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots by her half-brother, by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, following her July 29 marriage to Lord Darnley.source
  • August 31 – Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.source
  • September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Great Siege of Malta after four months.source
  • October 18 – Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation.source
  • October 20 – In the Northern Seven Years' War, the Battle of Axtorna is fought in Sweden, near Falkenberg, as Daniel Rantzau of the Army of Denmark and Norway leads 7,400 troops in defeating a counterattack by over 11,000 Swedish troops led by Jacob Henriksson Hästesko.source
  • November 25 – The army of Burma, under the command of King Bayinnaung conquers Chiang Mai, capital of the Siamese Kingdom of Lan Na, and departs on November 30.source
  • December 31 – The Burmese Army conquers Vientiane, the main city of the kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).source
  • December – The Mariovo and Prilep rebellion occurs, the very first recorded rebellion by the Macedonian hajduks or voivode against the Ottoman Empire.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida.source

Religion & Belief

  • April 27 – Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.source
  • September 8 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after Augustine of Hippo), is established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States, and a mass of Thanksgiving is said.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.source

Science & Discovery

  • The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner; it is becoming common in England.source

Culture & Society

  • March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá.source
  • May 2 – Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England.source
  • July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in a Catholic ceremony.source
  • August 6 – Sark, in the Channel Islands, is granted as a fief by Elizabeth I of England to Hellier de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen.source
  • John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne, Wales.source
  • Herlufsholm School is founded at Næstved, Denmark.source
  • Bungay Grammar School is established in England.source

Births

  • January 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d. 1624)source
  • May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d. 1621)source
  • June 2 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d. 1628)source
  • August 9 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1627)source
  • August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637)source
  • August 29 – Agostino Ciampelli, Italian painter (d. 1630)source
  • September 17 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (d. 1600)source
  • September 28 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d. 1635)source
  • October 6 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (d. 1645)source
  • October 12 – Ippolito Galantini, Italian founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (d. 1619)source
  • November 10 – Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)source
  • November 10 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601)source
  • November 14 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d. 1629)source
  • December 2 – Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d. 1627)source

Deaths

  • February 28 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1509)source
  • April 2 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b. 1526)source
  • April 27 – Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b. 1493)source
  • May 5 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b. 1501)source
  • June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536)source
  • June 23 – Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b. 1485)source
  • June 25 – Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder of Herlufsholm School (b. 1516)source
  • July 18 – Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of Englandsource
  • August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500)source
  • September 11–20 – Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515)source
  • October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520)source
  • October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479)source
  • November 25 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (b. 1512)source
  • December 13 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516)source