Directory

46 BCE

The Romans had to periodically add a leap month every few years to keep the calendar year in sync with the solar year but had missed a few with the chaos of the civil wars of the late republic. Julius Caesar added Mercedonius (23 days) and two other intercalary months (33 and 34 days respectively) to the 355-day lunar year, to recalibrate the calendar in preparation for his calendar reform, which went into effect in 45 BC. The resulting calendar year, the longest calendar year in recorded history, lasted 445 days – nearly 80 days longer than the sidereal year (the orbit of Earth around the Sun) – and was nicknamed the annus confusionis ("Year of Confusion").

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro "If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law."source
  • Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 4 – Titus Labienus fights Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.source
  • April 6 – Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba I of Numidia at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grants Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants.source
  • April – Caesar defeats Pompey loyalists at Thapsus.source
  • September 26 – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.source
  • Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion.source
  • Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, take up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Julius Caesar establishes Julia Paterna Arelate as a colony in Gaul for veterans of the Sixth Legion, at the present day site of Arles.source

Religion & Belief

  • Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.source
  • Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.source

Health & Medicine

  • November – Caesar leaves for Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.source

Culture & Society

  • Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. The celebrations run for forty days in Rome, and include public banquets, plays and gladiatorial games.source

Births

  • Lucius Seius Strabo, Roman prefect of the Praetorian Guard (d. 16 AD)source
  • Imhotep-Pedubast, High priest of Ptah (d. 30 BC)source
  • Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician and general (d. 9 AD)source
  • Antipater, son of Herod the Great (d. 4 BC)source

Deaths

  • April 12 - Marcus Porcius Cato (the Younger), Roman politician (b. 95 BC) (commits suicide)source
  • Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Roman politician and generalsource
  • Lucius Afranius, Roman consul and governor (b. 112 BC)source
  • Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, Roman consul and general (commits suicide)source
  • Marcus Petreius, Roman politician and general (b. 110 BC) (commits suicide)source
  • Juba I, king of Numidia (killed after the Battle of Thapsus)source
  • Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Roman politician and quaestorsource
  • Vercingetorix, Gaulish king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe (executed at the end of a triumph)source
  • Saburra, General of Juba I (killed in battle by Publius Sittius)source