Directory

43 BCE

Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the legio urbana, to defend Rome. The triumvirs introduce proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 equites are branded as outlaws and deprived of their property. The orator Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a military tribune). His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 7 – Octavian is given imperium, marking the start of his public career.source
  • November 26 – Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate (see lex Titia). To cement their reconciliation Octavian agrees to marry Claudia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher.source
  • Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon) is founded.source

Conflict & Security

  • March – Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the legio urbana, to defend Rome.source
  • April 14 – Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus Albinus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius does not die until after the Battle of Mutina).source
  • April 21 – Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.source
  • July–August – Antony is again at the head of a large army; Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero's plan to divide them against each other has failed.source
  • Marcus Junius Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea.source
  • Summer – Gaius Cassius captures Rhodes after they refuse to pay tribute. Their fleet is defeated by Roman galleys in the Aegean Sea. He lands a military force on the island and plunders the city. Cassius puts to death 50 of the leading citizens and seizes all the gold he can lay hands on.source
  • Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • According to legend, Nagasena creates the Emerald Buddha figurine in Patna, India.source
  • First reference to Cularo (Grenoble).source

Religion & Belief

  • April 21 – Cicero's 14th and last Philippic.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • April 16 – Octavian is first proclaimed imperator by his troops.source

Health & Medicine

  • November – The triumvirs introduce proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 equites are branded as outlaws and deprived of their property.source

Crime & Justice

  • August 19 – Octavian takes office as consul. He's prevailed to pass the lex Pedia, a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime.source
  • December 7 – The orator Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a military tribune). His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum.source
  • Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50 km 0 south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria.source

Climate & Environment

  • Mount Okmok volcano in the Aleutian Islands erupts with a volcanic explosivity index of 6, with climatic effects extending as far as Egypt.source

Births

  • March 20 – Ovid, Roman poet (d. AD 17/18)source
  • Iullus Antonius, Roman consul (son of Mark Antony) (suicide 2 BC)source
  • Iotapa, princess of Media Atropatene (daughter of Artavasdes I)source

Deaths

  • April 22 – Gaius Vibius Pansa, Roman consul and general (killed in battle)source
  • December 7 – Cicero, Roman statesman and orator (murdered) (b. 106 BC)source
  • Quintus Pedius, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesarsource
  • Gaius Verres, Roman politician and governor (b. c. 120 BC)source
  • Antipater the Idumaean, Jewish founder of the Herodian dynasty (murdered)source
  • Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Roman politician and jurist (b. c. 106 BC)source
  • Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Roman statesman (murdered) (b. c. 81 BC)source
  • Quintus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman and general (b. 102 BC)source
  • Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul and governor (b. c. 100 BC)source
  • Publilius Syrus, Syrian comic dramatist and Latin writersource
  • Publius Cornelius Dolabella, suffect consul after the assassination of Julius Caesar (b. 70 BC)source
  • Pontius Aquila, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar)source
  • Gaius Trebonius, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar)source
  • Atia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (b. 85 BC)source