Directory

969 CE

July 9 – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz's army under General Jawhar invades Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza and the capitulation of Fustat. Emperor Reizei abdicates the throne of Japan (due to a mental illness) after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old brother En'yū, who becomes the 64th emperor. Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • September 27 – Emperor Reizei abdicates the throne of Japan (due to a mental illness) after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old brother En'yū, who becomes the 64th emperor.source
  • Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, suffers a stroke and abdicates the throne in favour of his eldest son Boris II. He arrives (after being an honorary hostage at Constantinople) in Preslav and is proclaimed as the new ruler. Boris regains lost territory from the Kievan Rus' and recaptures Pereyaslavets, an important trade city at the mouth of the Danube.source

Conflict & Security

  • February 6–July 9 – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz's army under General Jawhar invades Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza and the capitulation of Fustat.source
  • October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.source
  • Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria.source
  • Pandulf Ironhead, duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua.source
  • Otto I 'the Great', Holy Roman Emperor, assembles a large expeditionary force at Pavia, joined by Spoletan troops. He counter-attacks, relieves the siege of Capua and devastates the area around Naples. Otto enters Benevento, where he is received as 'liberator' by Landulf IV and in the cities of Apulia (Southern Italy).source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Ibn Hawqal concludes his travels.source

Religion & Belief

  • Summer – Pope John XIII convenes a synod at Rome. He raises the bishopric of Benevento to Archbishopric of Benevento. The city is made a metropolitan see over 10 bishoprics in Byzantine Capitanata (Southern Italy).source

Crime & Justice

  • December 11 – Emperor Nikephoros II is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands).source

Births

  • William V 'the Great', duke of Aquitaine (d. 1030)source
  • Nathar Shah, Tamil mystic and preacher (d. 1039)source
  • Hilal al-Sabi', Buyid bureaucrat and historian (d. 1056)source
  • Liu, empress and regent of the Song dynasty (d. 1033)source
  • Judith of Hungary, princess and queen of Poland (d. 988)source
  • Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, Persian poet and writer (d. 1007)source

Deaths

  • March 12 – Mu Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (b. 931)source
  • June 26 – George El Mozahem, Egyptian martyr (b. 940)source
  • July 11 – Olga of Kiev, princess and regent of Russia (b. c. 890)source
  • September 25 – Burchard, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)source
  • December 1 – Fujiwara no Morotada, Japanese statesman (b. 920)source
  • December 11 – Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empiresource
  • Nasir al-Dawla, deposed Hamdanid emir of Mosulsource
  • Landulf III, prince of Benevento and Capua (or 968)source
  • Dou Zhengu, Chinese official and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 892)source
  • Michael Krešimir II, king of Croatia (House of Trpimir)source