Directory

1830 CE

It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.source
  • February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.source
  • May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.source
  • May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.source
  • June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.source
  • July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.source
  • July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.source
  • July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.source
  • August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favour of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.source
  • August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.source
  • August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.source
  • September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.source
  • October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.source
  • October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.source
  • November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.source
  • November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.source
  • November 22 – On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.source
  • November 22 – The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
  • December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.source

Conflict & Security

  • March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.source
  • July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.source
  • July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.source
  • July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.source
  • July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.source
  • August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.source
  • November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.source

Religion & Belief

  • March 26 – The Book of Mormon, subtitled "An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi", is first published, with E. B. Grandin printing the original edition in Palmyra, New York.source
  • April 6 – Joseph Smith and five others organize the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.source

Economy & Finance

  • Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a French patent (#7454) for a sewing machine: it chain stitches at 200/minute.source
  • August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower.source
  • September 15 – The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives, takes place in England, UK.source
  • October 20 – Thomas Cochrane is granted a patent for the first airlock.source

Crime & Justice

  • 10,000 chests of opium are sold in China.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • February 5 – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firefighters are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.source

Climate & Environment

  • June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.source

Culture & Society

  • January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) begins operation, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.source
  • May 15 – The Royal Swedish Yacht Club (KSSS) is founded.source
  • July 13 – The General Assembly's Institution (later the Scottish Church College), one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.source
  • December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris.source
  • The Glyptothek museum of classical sculpture, commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, is opened as Munich's first public museum.source
  • The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland.source

Births

  • January 8 – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1894)source
  • January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893)source
  • February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903)source
  • April 9 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, pioneer of photographic studies of motion (d. 1904)source
  • May 9 – Harriet Lane, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1903)source
  • July 10 – Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)source
  • July 20 – Clements Markham, English explorer (d. 1916)source
  • July 25 – John Jacob Bausch, German-American optician who co-founded Bausch & Lomb (d. 1926)source
  • September 8 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)source
  • September 12 – William Sprague IV, American politician from Rhode Island (d. 1915)source
  • September 17 – Maria Theresia Bonzel, German Roman Catholic nun and saint (d. 1905)source
  • September 22 – Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor, prominent American socialite (d. 1908)source
  • December 10 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)source
  • December 19 – Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson, American writer and publisher (d. 1913)source

Deaths

  • January 7 – Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1775)source
  • January 7 – Thomas Lawrence, English painter (b. 1769)source
  • March 16 – Sir Robert Farquhar, British merchant, colonial governor and politician (b. 1776)source
  • March 17 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal (b. 1764)source
  • June 1 – Swaminarayan (Sahajanand Swami), Indian yogi, central figure in Swaminarayan Hinduism (b. 1781)source
  • August 6 – David Walker, African-American abolitionist (b. 1796)source
  • September 18 – William Hazlitt, English essayist (b. 1778)source
  • September 23 – Alice Flowerdew, British teacher, poet, and hymnwriter, (b. 1759)source
  • September 23 – Elizabeth Monroe, First Lady of the United States (b. 1768)source
  • October 4 – Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, Prussian military leader (b. 1759)source
  • October 11 – José de La Mar, military leader, President of Peru (b. 1776)source
  • October 31 – Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, ruler of Montenegro (b. 1747)source
  • December 6 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat (b. 1752)source
  • December 8 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (b. 1767)source