Directory

1794 CE

Maximilien Robespierre establishes the Cult of the Supreme Being as the new state religion of the French First Republic. (9 Thermidor) – French Revolution – Thermidorian Reaction: Maximilien, Augustin Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested on the orders of the French National Convention; they are executed the next day, ending the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. Napoleon is arrested and put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres during their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction. He is later taken to Antibes and detained in a military fort.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 13 – The U.S. Congress enacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United States flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes, in recognition of the recent admission of Vermont and Kentucky as the 14th and 15th states. A subsequent act restores the number of stripes to 13, but provides for additional stars upon the admission of each additional state.source
  • January 21 – King George III of Great Britain delivers the speech opening Parliament and recommends a continuation of Britain's war with France.source
  • February 11 – The first session of the United States Senate is open to the public.source
  • March 4 – The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed by Congress for submission to the states for ratification.source
  • March 27 – The U.S. Senate passes a rule ending its policy of closing all of its sessions to the public.source
  • April 19 – Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands sign a treaty of alliance against France.source
  • June 17 – The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom is established.source
  • September 28 – Austria, Britain and Russia ally against France.source
  • October 22 – Fort Wayne founded in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana.source
  • November 19 – The United States and Great Britain sign the Jay Treaty (coming into effect in 1796), which attempts to clear up some issues left over from the American Revolutionary War and secures a decade of peaceful trade between the two nations. Britain agrees to evacuate border forts in the Northwest Territory (roughly the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi) and thereby end British support for the Indians.source

Conflict & Security

  • March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.source
  • March 24 – Tadeusz Kościuszko makes his proclamation starting the Kościuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussian Partition.source
  • April 4 – Battle of Racławice: Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising defeat forces of the Russian Empire.source
  • April 5 – Reign of Terror: Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins are executed.source
  • April 17–19 – Kościuszko Uprising – Warsaw Uprising: The Polish people overthrow the Russian garrison in Warsaw.source
  • April 29–May 1 – Battle of Boulou: The French defeat the Spanish and Portuguese forces.source
  • May 18 – Battle of Tourcoing: French troops defeat British forces.source
  • May 21 – the French Revolutionary Government decides that the Terror would be centralised, with almost all the tribunals in the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris.source
  • May 28–June 1 – The Glorious First of June (Battle of Ushant): The British win a crushing tactical victory over the French fleet, but the merchant convoy escorted by the French fleet arrives safely in France.source
  • May 30–June 4 – Battle of Port-Républicain: British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti from the French.source
  • June 17 – Battle of Mykonos: The British Royal Navy captures .source
  • June 26 – Battle of Fleurus: French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and destruction of the Dutch Republic. French use of an observation balloon marks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.source
  • July 12 – Horatio Nelson loses the sight in his right eye in the British Siege of Calvi in Corsica.source
  • July 13 – Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria (First Coalition).source
  • July 13–September 6 – Kościuszko Uprising: Siege of Warsaw – The Polish people resist a siege by armies of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.source
  • July 17 – The sixteen Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne are guillotined in Paris in the last stage of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.source
  • August 20 – Battle of Fallen Timbers in Northwestern Ohio: American troops under the command of General Anthony Wayne (nicknamed "Mad Anthony") defeat Native American tribes of the Western Confederacy.source
  • August 21 – British troops capture Corsica following the bombardment by Nelson.source
  • August – Colombian Antonio Nariño is denounced as a traitor after he translates and publishes the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.source
  • October 2 – Battle of Aldenhoven between French forces and those of Austria.source
  • October 4 – In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle, George Washington arrives at Carlisle, Pennsylvania to guide the U.S. Army's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month.source
  • October 10 – Battle of Maciejowice: Forces of the Russian Empire defeat Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising; Tadeusz Kościuszko is wounded and captured.source
  • November 4 – Battle of Praga: Russian General Alexander Suvorov storms Warsaw in the war against the Polish Kościuszko Uprising and captures Praga, one of its suburbs, unwittingly killing many civilians.source
  • November 16 – The Kościuszko Uprising ends in the defeat of Tadeusz Kościuszko and his forces.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • February 8 – Wreck of the Ten Sail on Grand Cayman.source

Religion & Belief

  • May 7 – Maximilien Robespierre establishes the Cult of the Supreme Being as the new state religion of the French First Republic.source
  • December 23 – St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans is dedicated.source

Economy & Finance

  • January 1 – The Stibo Group is founded by Niels Lund as a printing company in Aarhus (Denmark).source
  • March 22 – Congress prohibits American ships from supplying slaves to any nation other than the United States, setting a penalty of forfeiture of the ship and a $2,000 fine.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • March 14 – Eli Whitney is granted a United States patent for the cotton gin.source
  • March 27 – The United States Government authorizes the building of the first six United States Navy vessels; in 1797 the first three frigates, , and will go into service (not to be confused with October 13, 1775, which is observed as the Navy's Birthday).source
  • The Oban distillery is built in Scotland.source

Crime & Justice

  • April 28 – Sardinian Vespers: The people of Cagliari in Sardinia oust the viceroy and his Piedmontese functionaries.source
  • May 8 – Reign of Terror: chemist Antoine Lavoisier is tried, convicted and executed in Paris with 27 co-defendants also associated with the former ferme générale.source
  • July 27 (9 Thermidor) – French Revolution – Thermidorian Reaction: Maximilien, Augustin Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested on the orders of the French National Convention; they are executed the next day, ending the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.source
  • August 9 – Napoleon is arrested and put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres during their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction. He is later taken to Antibes and detained in a military fort.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • December 8 – The Great New Orleans Fire (1794) burns over 200 buildings in the French Quarter.source

Climate & Environment

  • June–July – Mount Vesuvius erupts in Italy; the town of Torre del Greco is destroyed.source

Culture & Society

  • February 4 – French Revolution: The National Convention of the French First Republic abolishes slavery.source
  • March 11 – Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.source
  • June 24 – Bowdoin College is founded in Brunswick, Maine.source
  • August 1 – Aristocrats in Sweden gather to mourn the demise of coffee after the beverage is forbidden by royal decree.source
  • August 29 – Stonyhurst College is finally established as a Roman Catholic school in Lancashire, England, having had several European locations.source
  • September 10 – The University of Tennessee is established at Knoxville.source
  • November 14 – The first recorded meeting of the Franklin Literary Society is held at Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College).source
  • The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire.source

Births

  • February 20 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869)source
  • March 5 – Robert Cooper Grier, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1870)source
  • April 10 – Matthew Calbraith Perry, American commodore (d. 1858)source
  • April 11 – Edward Everett, American politician (d. 1865)source
  • May 24 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (d. 1866)source
  • May 27 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1877)source
  • June 16 – María Trinidad Sánchez, heroine of the Dominican War of Independence (d. 1846)source
  • July 5 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist, inventor (d. 1851)source
  • July 7 – Frances Stackhouse Acton, British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (d. 1881)source
  • July 18 – Feargus O'Connor, Irish political radical, Chartist leader (d. 1855)source
  • July 28 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1868)source
  • September 24 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (d. 1871)source
  • November 3 – William Cullen Bryant, American poet (d. 1878)source
  • November 10 – Robert Towns, merchant, founder of Townsville, Queensland, Australia (d. 1873)source

Deaths

  • March 24 – Jacques Hébert, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1757)source
  • March 29 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher and political scientist (died in prison) (b. 1743)source
  • April 5 – Camille Desmoulins, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1760)source
  • April 5 – Georges Danton, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1759)source
  • April 17 – Angélique du Coudray, pioneering French midwife (b. 1714)source
  • April 18 – Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1714)source
  • April 23 – Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (executed) (b. 1721)source
  • May 10 – Élisabeth of France, French princess (executed) (b. 1764)source
  • July 28 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1767)source
  • July 28 – Maximilien Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1758)source
  • July 28 – François Hanriot, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1761)source
  • October 21 – Francis Light, founder of the British colony of Penang (b. 1740)source
  • November 15 – John Witherspoon, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1723)source
  • November 28 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)source