Directory

1661 CE

Leaders of the indigenous Taiwanese villages in the plains and mountains of the Dutch-ruled island begin surrendering to the Chinese forces led by Koxinga and agreeing to hunt down and execute Dutch people on the island. General Zheng Chenggong of China takes control of most of the island of Taiwan from the Dutch East India Company and proclaims the Kingdom of Tungning, with himself as the ruler. The Indian city of Quilon (now Kollam in the Kerala state), ruled by Portugal since 1498, is captured by the Dutch East India Company.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 29 – The Rokeby baronets, a British nobility title is created.source
  • May 8 – The "Cavalier Parliament", the longest serving Parliament in British history, is opened following the first parliamentary elections since the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The first session of the House of Commons and the House of Lords lasts until June 30 and then reopens on November 20. The Cavalier Parliament continues meeting, without new elections, until being dissolved on January 24, 1679.source
  • June 14 – General Zheng Chenggong of China takes control of most of the island of Taiwan from the Dutch East India Company and proclaims the Kingdom of Tungning, with himself as the ruler.source
  • June 23 – The "Marriage Treaty" is signed between representatives of King Charles II of England and King João IV of Portugal, providing a military alliance between the two kingdoms and a marriage between Charles of the House of Stuart and João's daughter Catherine of the House of Braganza on May 21, 1662. The treaty also sets the transfer of Portuguese territory in India (at Bombay) and in North Africa (Tangier) to England as well as military aid from England to Portugal.source
  • July 1 – The war between the empires of Russia and Sweden is ended with the signing of the Treaty of Cardis in what is now the Estonian city of Kärde. Russia returns those portions of Livonia and Ingria that it had taken earlier from Sweden.source
  • August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby the Dutch Republic's South American colony of Nieuw-Holland is sold to Portugal for the equivalent of roughly 63000 kg of gold, and incorporated into Brazil. The territory includes much of what will later become the Brazilian states of Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. Among the major Dutch settlements lost are Mauritsstad (Recife), Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Nieuw-Amsterdam (Natal), and Frederikstadt (João Pessoa).source

Conflict & Security

  • January 6 – The Fifth Monarchists, led by Thomas Venner, unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London; George Monck's regiment defeats them.source
  • February 14 – George Monck’s regiment becomes The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards in England (which later becomes the Coldstream Guards).source
  • March 23 – General Zheng Chenggong of China, known as "Koxinga" leads an invasion of the island of Taiwan, at the time under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), bringing 25,000 soldiers and sailors on hundreds of boats to claim the territory.source
  • April 7 – The siege of Fort Zeelandia, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) headquarters on the Chinese island of Taiwan (near modern Taoyuan City) is started by Koxinga and his invading force from China.source
  • May 17 – Leaders of the indigenous Taiwanese villages in the plains and mountains of the Dutch-ruled island begin surrendering to the Chinese forces led by Koxinga and agreeing to hunt down and execute Dutch people on the island.source
  • June 3 – Pye Min, younger brother of King Pindale Min of Burma, leads a bloody coup d'etat and ascends the throne. Pindale Min and his family (including his primary wife, a son and a grandson) are drowned in the Chindwin River. Pye Min reigns until 1672.source
  • June 28 – The innovative Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre opens in London with the first system for interchangeable scenery on a stage in the British Isles, and a production of William Davenant's opera The Siege of Rhodes.source
  • November 4 – Polish and Lithuanian forces, led by King Jan II Kazimierz (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) defeat the Russian Army at the Battle of Kushliki.source
  • December 14 – Prince Murad Bakhsh, younger brother of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, is executed at Gwailor Fort on order of his brother.source
  • December 21 – General Wu Sangui of China arrives in Burma with 20,000 troops and demands that the Burmese surrender Yongli, the last of the Ming dynasty rulers of Southern China before the Qing dynasty consolidated its rule. Burma's King Pye Min hands Yongli over to General Wu on January 15, and Yongli is subsequently executed.source
  • December 24 – The Indian city of Quilon (now Kollam in the Kerala state), ruled by Portugal since 1498, is captured by the Dutch East India Company.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • October 31 – Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire at the request of his late father, the Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, serving under the Sultan Mehmed IV for 15 years and continuing the Köprülü family dynasty whose members will serve as Viziers until 1711.source

Religion & Belief

  • April 23 (May 3 N.S.) – King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.source
  • May 11 – The Indian city and territory of Bombay is ceded by Portugal to England in accordance with the dowry of King Joao IV of Portugal for the marriage of his daughter Catherine to King Charles II of England.source

Economy & Finance

  • The first modern bank notes are issued in Stockholm, Sweden.source

Health & Medicine

  • Great Clearance in China: evacuation of Guangdong is required.source

Crime & Justice

  • January 30 – The body of Oliver Cromwell is exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution in London, along with those of John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton.source
  • February 7 – Shah Shuja, who was deprived of his claim to the throne of the Mughal Empire by his younger brother Aurangzeb, then fled to Burma, is killed by Indian troops in an attack on his residence at Arakan.source
  • May 27 – The Marquess of Argyll, one of the first of the Scottish-born people sentenced to death as a regicide for his role in the conviction and execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in 1649, is beheaded at the Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh using the "Scottish Maiden," almost immediately after his conviction of collaboration with the government of Oliver Cromwell. His head is then placed on a spike outside the prison.source
  • September 5 – Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances for France, is arrested in Nantes and charged with embezzlement of the state treasury. Spared the death penalty by a jury, Fouquet spends the rest of his life in prison until his death in 1680.source

Culture & Society

  • June 1 – At Edinburgh, the public execution of Presbyterian minister James Guthrie, followed by Captain William Govan, takes place at the Mercat Cross at Parliament Square, days after both have been convicted of treason for their roles in the execution of King Charles I. The heads are severed from the corpses and displayed on spikes in the square.source
  • December 16 – Abraham Cowley's comedy The Cutter of Coleman Street premieres at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Playhouse in London as a production of the Duke's Company.source

Births

  • February 25 – Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex, English Countess (d. 1721)source
  • April 14 – Sir Thomas Molyneux, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1733)source
  • April 16 – Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, English poet and statesman (d. 1715)source
  • April 21 – Georg Joseph Kamel, Jesuit missionary and botanist (d. 1706)source
  • April 23 – Issachar Berend Lehmann, German-Jewish banker, Court Jew in Hanover (d. 1730)source
  • August 8 – Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, German aristocrat and general (d. 1747)source
  • August 15 – King Sukjong of Joseon (d. 1720)source
  • August 22 – Joseph Sheffield, Colonial Rhode Island Attorney General (d. 1706)source
  • October 11 – Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat and cardinal (d. 1742)source
  • November 1 – Louis, Grand Dauphin, eldest son and heir of Louis XIV of France (d. 1711)source
  • November 15 – Christoph von Graffenried, Swiss settler in America (d. 1743)source
  • November 28 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)source
  • December 5 – Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, English statesman (d. 1724)source
  • December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (d. 1751)source

Deaths

  • February 5 – The Shunzhi Emperor of the Chinese Qing Dynasty dies, and is succeeded by his 7-year-old son the Kangxi Emperor.source
  • February 7 – Shah Shuja, second son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (b. 1616)source
  • April 4 – Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish soldier(b. c. 1580)source
  • April 5 – John Webster, colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (b. 1590)source
  • May 27 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish dissenter (beheaded) (b. 1607)source
  • June 6 – Martino Martini, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1614)source
  • June 13 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (b. 1595)source
  • June 21 – Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism (b. 1599)source
  • August 7 – Benedetta Carlini, Italian mystic (b. 1590)source
  • October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy, sister of Blaise Pascal (b. 1625)source
  • October 6 – Guru Har Krishan becomes eighth of the ten Sikh gurus, and at age 5 the youngest, following the death of his father Guru Har Rai.source
  • November 1 – Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish throne (b. 1657)source
  • November 2 – Daniel Seghers, Flemish Jesuit brother and painter (b. 1590)source
  • December 14 – Murad Bakhsh, Mughal prince (b. 1624)source