Directory

1660 CE

Charles XI becomes king of Sweden at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus. King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration. Mary Dyer is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 1 – At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.source
  • January 6 – The Rump Parliament passes a resolution requesting Colonel Monck to come to London "as speedily as he could", followed by a resolution of approval on January 12 and a vote of thanks and annual payment of 1,000 pounds sterling for his lifetime on January 16.source
  • February 26 – The Rump Parliament, under pressure from General Monck, votes to call back all of the surviving members of the group of 231 MPs who had been removed from the House of Commons in 1648 so that the Long Parliament can be reassembled long enough for a full Parliament to approve elections for a new legislative body.source
  • February 27 – John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.source
  • March 16 – The Long Parliament, after having been reassembled for the first time in more than 11 years, votes for its own dissolution and calls for new elections for what will become the Convention Parliament to make the return from republic to monarchy.source
  • April 4 – The Declaration of Breda, signed by Charles Stuart, son of the late King Charles I of England, promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration. The Declaration is read to the new parliament on May 1.source
  • April 25 – The Convention Parliament, a new House of Commons for England, freely elected with no requirement for candidates to swear loyalty to the Commonwealth of England, assembles in London to work out the restoration of the monarchy.source
  • May 1 – The Convention Parliament votes to welcome the Declaration of Breda and unanimously approves a resolution for England declaring that "according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the Government is, and ought to be, by Kings, Lords and Commons."source
  • May 3 – In the Treaty of Oliva, peace is made between the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia.source
  • May 8 – In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the Parliament of England has declared his elevation to the throne as King Charles II of England.source
  • May 14 – The Irish Parliament declares Charles to be King of Ireland.source
  • May 27 – The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War. Sweden returns Trøndelag to Norway, and Bornholm to Denmark.source
  • May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.source
  • June 1 – Mary Dyer is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
  • July – Richard Cromwell, the last Lord Protector of England during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as "John Clarke".source
  • September 1 – Grigore I Ghica becomes the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania)source
  • October 13 – The Rigsraad (High Council) of Denmark is abolished and Denmark-Norway becomes an absolute monarchy as King Frederik III is recognized by the nobility as being entitled to have his throne passed to his descendants by hereditary monarchy.source
  • December 29 – The Convention Parliament is dissolved by King Charles II and elections are called for what will be called the Cavalier Parliament.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 1 – At the same time, rebels within the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Thomas Fairfax take control of York and await the arrival of Monck's troops.source
  • January 11 – Colonel Monck and Colonel Fairfax rendezvous at York and then prepare to proceed southward toward London. gathering deserters from Lambert's army along the way.source
  • January 16 – With 4,000 infantry and 1,800 cavalry ("an army sufficient to overawe, without exciting suspicion"), Colonel Monck marches southward toward Nottingham, with a final destination of London. Colonel Thomas Morgan is dispatched back to Scotland with two regiments of cavalry to reinforce troops there.source
  • February 3 – General George Monck, at the head of his troops, enters London on horseback, accompanied by his principal officers and the commissioners of the Rump Parliament. Bells ring as they pass but the crowds in the streets are unenthusiastic and the troops are "astonished at meeting with so different a reception to that which they had received elsewhere during their march.".source
  • May 21 – The Desormeaux caravan and 300 Iroquois die in explosion at Long Sault.source
  • May 25 – King Charles II lands at Dover.source
  • July 13 – (Ashadh Vadya 1 of Shaka 1582) The Battle of Pavan Khind takes place in India when a 600-member contingent of the Maratha Empire army, commanded by Baji Prabhu Deshpande, works to rescue Maratha General Shivaji, who had escaped the night before from the fort of Panhala, which was under siege by the Adilshah Sultanate. The Bijapur Sultanate, commanded by Siddi Masud with a force of 10,000 men, loses 5,000 in a fight against a vastly outnumbered contingent of Adilshah.source
  • September 14 – The 13-day long Battle of Lyubar begins at Liubar (now in Ukraine) during the Russo-Polish War between soldiers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russia and ends with a victory by Poland.source
  • December 15 – Andres Malong, a native chieftain of the town of Binalatongan (now San Carlos) in the Philippines, leads a successful revolt against the Spanish colonial administrators to liberate Pangasinan. He is proclaimed the King of Pangasinan, but the rebellion is suppressed on January 17, 1661, and Pangasinan is reconquered by February.source
  • The Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique is carried out by French occupying forces.source
  • A permanent standing army is established in Prussia.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.source
  • May 23 – With the way cleared for his return to England, King Charles II ends his exile at the Hague in the Netherlands and departs from Scheveningen harbor on the English ship Naseby, renamed for the occasion HMS Royal Charles , as part of a fleet of English warships brought by Admiral Edward Montagu. On commemorative memorabilia in the Netherlands, the date of Charles's departure is listed as June 2, 1660, the date on the Gregorian calendar used in continental Europe but not in England.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 31 – The Rump Parliament confirms the promotion of Colonel George Monck to the rank of General and he receives the commission of rank while at St Albans.source
  • August 19 – Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of Winchester Cathedral, to commemorate the return of the Chapter, following the English Restoration.source
  • September 16 – Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda arrives in Mexico City as the new Viceroy of New Spain.source

Economy & Finance

  • December 18 – The Company of the Royal Adventurers into Africa, planned by Prince James, brother of King Charles II to capture persons along the coast of West Africa for resale as slaves, receives its charter. Prince James, later King James II, had started asking for investors (at 250 pounds sterling per share) starting on October 3, 1660.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • June 1 – The office of Secretary of State for the Southern Department begins operations in the Kingdom of Great Britain, with responsibility for the colonies of British America in what will later become Canada and the United States, as well as for Ireland and for the Channel Islands. Sir Edward Nicholas, a former British Secretary of State, takes office as the first Southern Department secretary.source
  • September 25 – Samuel Pepys has his first cup of tea (an event recorded in his diary).source

Crime & Justice

  • March 3 – General John Lambert, who had attempted to stop the Restoration, is arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He escapes on April 9 but is recaptured on April 24. Though spared the death penalty for treason in 1662, he remains incarcerated on the island of Guernsey for the rest of his life until his death at age 64 on March 1, 1684.source
  • May 15 – John Thurloe is arrested for high treason, for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.source
  • June 29 – John Thurloe is released from custody.source
  • August 29 – The Indemnity and Oblivion Act, officially "An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion" is given royal assent. as a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War and Interregnum (with the exception of certain crimes such as murder, piracy, buggery, rape and witchcraft, and people named in the act such as those involved in the regicide of Charles I). It also said that no action was to be taken against those involved at any later time, and that the Interregnum was to be legally forgotten.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • July 24 – The Great Fire of 1660 begins in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul in Turkey), and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.source
  • Blaise Pascal's Lettres provinciales, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, is ordered to be shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.source

Culture & Society

  • April 2 – The Merces baronets, a British nobility title is created.source
  • May 29 – King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration.source
  • November 28 – At Gresham College in London, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren, and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).source
  • December 8 – The first English actress appears on the professional stage in England in a non-singing role, as Desdemona in Othello at Vere Street Theatre in London, following the reopening of the theatres (various opinions have been advanced that the actress was Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey). Historian Elizabeth Howe notes, however, that both William Davenant and Thomas Killigrew had women in their acting companies before 1660, and that Anne Marshall might be just one of the first rather than the actual first.source
  • Hopkins School is founded in New Haven, Connecticut.source

Births

  • February 19 – Friedrich Hoffmann, German physician and chemist (d. 1742)source
  • March 24 – Filippo Antonio Gualterio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1728)source
  • April 6 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist and harpsichordist (d. 1722)source
  • April 16 – Hans Sloane, British physician (d. 1753)source
  • May 2 – Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer (d. 1725)source
  • June 5 – Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, British aristocrat (d. 1744)source
  • June 17 – Jan van Mieris, Dutch painter (d. 1690)source
  • July 24 – Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, English politician (d. 1718)source
  • October 20 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (d.1723)source
  • October 21 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German physician and chemist (d. 1734)source
  • November 11 – Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1711)source
  • November 28 – Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Dauphine of France (d. 1690)source
  • December 18 – Countess Johanna Magdalene of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German countess (d. 1715)source
  • December 25 – Charles Somerset, Marquess of Worcester, English politician (d. 1698)source

Deaths

  • February 6 – Martin de Redin, Spanish 58th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1579)source
  • February 13 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.source
  • February 13 – King Charles X Gustav of Sweden (b. 1622)source
  • March 15 – Louise de Marillac, French co-founder of the Daughters of Charity (b. 1591)source
  • March – Philip Skippon, English soldier (b. c. 1600)source
  • May 21 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (b. 1635)source
  • June 1 – Mary Dyer, English Quaker (hanged) (b. c. 1611)source
  • June 13 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (b. 1634)source
  • June 30 – William Oughtred, English mathematician (b. 1575)source
  • September 13 – Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I (b. 1640)source
  • September 27 – Vincent de Paul, French saint (b. 1580)source
  • October 13 to October 19 – Ten of the 57 "regicides" who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England in 1649 are executed over a period of one week, mostly at Charing Cross by being hanged, drawn and quartered, a process which includes being disemboweled (in some cases before they have died) and then and burned. The first to die is Thomas Harrison, a leader of the Fifth Monarchists. He is followed by John Carew (October 15); John Cook and Hugh Peter (October 16); (Adrian Scrope, John Moore, Gregory Clement and Thomas Scot) (October 17); and Daniel Axtell and Francis Hacker (October 19).source
  • November 5 – Alexandre de Rhodes, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1591)source
  • December 24 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (b. 1631)source