Directory

1578 CE

Sebastian, King of Portugal is killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa while fighting the Saadi Sultanate. Sebastian's elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal. Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk. Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Ralegh set out from Plymouth in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • October 1 – Alessandro Farnese succeeds his uncle, Don John, as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 13 – The Siege of Gvozdansko ends in the Kingdom of Croatia as Ottoman Empire troops led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović capture the fortress at Gvozdansko.source
  • January 31 – Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.source
  • February 12 – Mohammad Khodabanda, older brother of the late Shah Ismail II, begins his reign as the new Shah of Persia (now Iran) after entering the Persian capital at Qazvin, after removing his sister Pari Khan Khanum, who had exercised regal authority after Ismail's death. His first act as ruler is to have Pari Khan Khanum strangled to death.source
  • February 13 – Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city of Leuven, forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to flee Brussels and relocate to Antwerp.Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186source
  • March 20 – The Belgian city of Bruges, controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels.source
  • June 30 – After having come into conflict on May 17 with his fellow officer, Thomas Doughty, during their circumnavigation of the world, Francis Drake puts Doughty on trial while the flagship Pelican is docked at what is now Argentina. A jury of sailors convicts Doughty of treason and attempted mutiny. Doughty is beheaded on July 2.source
  • July 31 – At the Battle of Rijmenam, fought near Antwerp in what is now Belgium, a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded by Don Juan de Austria.source
  • August 4 – Sebastian, King of Portugal is killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa while fighting the Saadi Sultanate. Sebastian's elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.source
  • October 21 – Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.source
  • December 9 – After more than five years of combat in southern France, the Protestant Huguenot citadel of Ménerbes negotiates a surrender to its French Catholic attackers.source
  • Battle of the Spoiling Dyke at Trumpan on the Scottish Isle of Skye: the Clan MacLeod are victorious over the MacDonalds of Uist in a feud.source
  • The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.source
  • The Portuguese assist Lord Ōmura Sumitada, the first Christian Japanese daimyo, in repulsing an assault on Nagasaki by the Ryūzōji clan.source
  • Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats and kills Bahr negus Yeshaq along with his Ottoman allies, finally ending his rebellion.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • May 31 – Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich in England with 15 ships to North America, where he will arrive at Frobisher Bay in July on his third expedition.source
  • June 20 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Greenland.source
  • July 2 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Canada and enters what is now Frobisher Bay. One of the ships, the Dennis, is wrecked on an iceberg.source
  • July 31 – According to some accounts, Englishman Martin Frobisher holds the first Thanksgiving celebration by Europeans in Canada, on Newfoundland, after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.source
  • August 20–September 6 – After renaming this flagship, Pelican to the Golden Hind, Francis Drake and his fleet begin their passage through the Strait of Magellan.source
  • August 31 – The Forbisher expedition departs North America for its journey back to England.source
  • September 6 – After 16 days travel, the fleet of Francis Drake completes its traverse of the Strait of Magellan between the tip of South America and Tierra del Fuego. Upon entering the Pacific Ocean, the fleet encounters violent storms. The supply ship Marigold, with over 100 men under the command of John Thomas, is lost with all hands off of Cape Horn. The rest of the fleet continues its voyage around the world.source
  • November 19 – Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Ralegh set out from Plymouth in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.source
  • Fur trade begins in Newfoundland in North America.source

Religion & Belief

  • February 6 – Pope Gregory XIII issues the papal bull Illius fulti praesidio and creates the Diocese of Manila, the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines, with Domingo de Salazar as the first Bishop of Manila. The diocese will be raised to the status of archdiocese on August 14, 1595.source
  • February 8 – The city council of Amsterdam in the Netherlands ratifies a treaty placing the city under the authority of Willem, Prince of Orange, and joining the States of Holland.source
  • May 26 – The Alteratie takes place in Amsterdam, expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.source
  • Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title of Talaï, and becomes the third Dalai Lama of Tibet.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • June 11 – Humphrey Gilbert is granted letters patent from the English crown to establish a colony in North America.source

Health & Medicine

  • The last outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England.source

Culture & Society

  • March 20 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, the last of the regents for King James VI of Scotland, resigns after having served as regent since November 24, 1572.source
  • April 27 – The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France, and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.source

Births

  • March 18 – Adam Elsheimer, German artist working in Rome, who died at only thirty-two (d. 1610)source
  • April 17 – Maximilian van der Sandt, Dutch theologian (d. 1656)source
  • June 13 – Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, Member of Parliament (d. 1639)source
  • July 27 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond, British duchess (d. 1639)source
  • August 5 – Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, first duke of Chaulnes (d. 1621)source
  • August 17 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1638)source
  • August 17 – Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660)source
  • August 24 – John Taylor, English poet who dubbed himself The Water Poet (d. 1653)source
  • September 17 – John Prideaux, English academic administrator and Anglican bishop (d. 1650)source
  • October 4 – Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1641)source
  • November 4 – Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, Duke of Jülich and Berg (1614–1635) (d. 1653)source
  • November 6 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (d. 1645)source
  • December 7 – Okaji no Kata, Japanese concubine of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1642)source
  • December 30 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1624)source

Deaths

  • January 25 – Mihrimah Sultan, Sultan Suleiman's daughter (b. 1522)source
  • February 5 or 1579 – Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian painter (b. 1510)source
  • March 3 – Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu, Ottoman Greek magnate (b. 1510)source
  • March 7 – Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (b. 1515)source
  • March 11 – Nicolò da Ponte is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death of Sebastiano Venier.source
  • April 11 – Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Austrian Archduchess (b. 1547)source
  • April 14 – James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1535)source
  • April 15 – Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (b. 1509)source
  • August 4 – Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi, King of Moroccosource
  • August 16 – Andrew Corbet, English landowner and politician (b. 1522)source
  • September – Pierre Lescot, French architect (b. 1510)source
  • October 1 – Don John of Austria, military leader (b. 1547)source
  • October 12 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (b. 1535)source
  • December – Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1501)source