Directory

1230 CE

English invasion of France: King Henry III embarks from Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On May 2, he arrives on the island of Guernsey, and the next day the English army lands at Saint-Malo, where Peter I (de Dreux), duke of Brittany, meets Henry to pay him homage. The English forces march through the County of Anjou, taking the castle of Mirebeau in late July. Treaty of Ceprano: Emperor Frederick II returns from the Sixth Crusade and signs a peace agreement with Pope Gregory IX at Ceprano. He agrees not to violate any territories held by the Papal States in return for Frederick's concessions in Sicily. Alfonso IX dies after a 42-year reign and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III, who receives the Kingdom of León in return for compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters Sancha and Dulce.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • August – Treaty of Ceprano: Emperor Frederick II returns from the Sixth Crusade and signs a peace agreement with Pope Gregory IX at Ceprano. He agrees not to violate any territories held by the Papal States in return for Frederick's concessions in Sicily.source

Conflict & Security

  • April 30 – English invasion of France: King Henry III embarks from Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On May 2, he arrives on the island of Guernsey, and the next day the English army lands at Saint-Malo, where Peter I (de Dreux), duke of Brittany, meets Henry to pay him homage. The English forces march through the County of Anjou, taking the castle of Mirebeau in late July.source
  • October 27 – Henry III signs a truce with King Louis IX of France ("the Saint") and returns to Portsmouth. He leaves a small force under Peter I and Ranulf de Blondeville, to act against the French in Brittany and Normandy.source
  • Reconquista – King Alfonso IX of León defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as Almogàver by the Christians). This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops. The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.source
  • Siege of Galway in Ireland: Norman forces under Richard Mór de Burgh invade Connacht and desolate a large portion of the country. He besieges Galway, but is forced to retreat after a week-long inconclusive battle.source
  • Battle of Yassıçemen: A Seljuk-Ayyubid coalition (some 40,000 men) defeats the Khwarazmians under Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni at Erzincan on the Upper Euphrates.source

Religion & Belief

  • Pluscarden Priory is founded in Scotland; it will be revived to become an abbey in 1974.source
  • Frederick II bestows on the Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of Prussia, including Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the Prussians to Christianity.source

Culture & Society

  • The Carmina Burana poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).source

Births

  • March – Henry of Castile the Senator, Spanish prince (d. 1303)source
  • Edmund de Lacy, English nobleman and knight (d. 1258)source
  • Anna of Hohenstaufen, empress of Nicaea (d. 1307)source
  • Yaroslav III of Tver, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1271)source
  • Maud de Lacy, Baroness Geneville, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. 1304)source
  • Guillaume Durand, French bishop and writer (d. 1296)source
  • Odo, Count of Nevers (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (d. 1266)source
  • Bentivenga dei Bentivenghi, Italian cardinal (d. 1289)source
  • Peter Quinel, English archdeacon and bishop (d. 1291)source
  • Margaret Sambiria, Danish queen consort (d. 1282)source
  • Hermann of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Ösel-Wiek, German churchman (d. 1285)source
  • Guillaume de Beaujeu, French Grand Master (d. 1291)source
  • Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishop (d. 1298)source
  • Adelaide of Holland, Dutch countess and regent (d. 1284)source

Deaths

  • January 30 – Pelagio Galvani, Leonese cardinal (b. 1165)source
  • February 1 – Matsudono Motofusa, Japanese noblemansource
  • May 2 – William de Braose, English nobleman and knightsource
  • May 13 – Casimir I of Opole, Polish nobleman and knightsource
  • July 12 – Margaret, Countess of Blois, French noblewoman (b. 1170)source
  • July 19 –Theobald le Botiller, 2nd Chief Butler of Ireland, Norman nobleman (b. 1200)source
  • July 28 – Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, German nobleman and knight (b. 1176)source
  • September 9 – Siegfried II, archbishop of Mainz (b. 1165)source
  • September 24 – Alfonso IX dies after a 42-year reign and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III, who receives the Kingdom of León in return for compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters Sancha and Dulce.source
  • October 25 – Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester, English nobleman (b. 1180)source
  • November 20 – Nicola de la Haye, English noblewomansource
  • November 24 – Matthew II of Montmorency, French nobleman and knightsource
  • December 15 – Ottokar I of Bohemia, German noblemansource
  • December 23 – Berengaria of Navarre, queen consort of Englandsource