Directory

1165 CE

Closeted Emperor Go-Shirakawa holds an opening ceremony for the Sanjūsangen-dō, a temple built by Taira no Kiyomori in Japan. Battle of Fahs al-Jullab: Almohad forces defeat Ibn Mardanish, ruler of the Taifa of Murcia. His army is routed at a place called the "merchant field" near Alhama, in the valley of the Guadalentín. King Malcolm IV of Scotland dies at Jedburgh after a 12-year reign and is succeeded by his brother William the Lion as ruler of Scotland (until 1214).

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • August 3 – Emperor Nijō of Japan abdicates the throne, dying soon after following a 7-year reign. He is succeeded by his 1-year-old son Rokujō as 79th emperor.source
  • In China the Jin dynasty ("Great Jin") and the Song dynasty make a lasting peace (until 1205).source

Conflict & Security

  • October 15 – Battle of Fahs al-Jullab: Almohad forces defeat Ibn Mardanish, ruler of the Taifa of Murcia. His army is routed at a place called the "merchant field" near Alhama, in the valley of the Guadalentín.source
  • c. August – Battle of Crogen: Owain Gwynedd (Owain Fawr), ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales, having formed an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule, defeats King Henry II of England and drives his army out of Wales.source
  • Reconquista – Gerald the Fearless, Portuguese warrior and adventurer, seizes the city of Évora by surprise. The same year (or soon after), he takes Cáceres, Trujillo, Montánchez, Moura, Monsaraz and Alconchel from the Almohads.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler, sets out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain), on a pilgrimage to the land of Israel and beyond.source
  • Otto II, Margrave of Meissen, grants Leipzig city and market privileges. The city is located at the crossways of the Via Regia and Via Imperii trade routes.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 30 – Closeted Emperor Go-Shirakawa holds an opening ceremony for the Sanjūsangen-dō, a temple built by Taira no Kiyomori in Japan.source
  • Approximate date – Hildegard of Bingen, German Benedictine abbess, founds Eibingen Abbey near Rüdesheim am Rhein.source
  • Eskil, Danish archbishop of Lund, appoints Fulco as the first Bishop of Estonia, marking the early beginning of the introduction of Christianity to the country. He will visit Estonia for the first time in 1169 or 1170.source
  • Spring – Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos makes an alliance with Venice against Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who takes an oath at the Diet of Würzburg to support Antipope Paschal III against Pope Alexander III.source

Crime & Justice

  • Andronikos I Komnenos, a cousin of Manuel I, escapes from prison at Constantinople. After passing through many dangers, he reaches Kiev and seeks refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.source

Culture & Society

  • The construction of Liuhe Pagoda ("Six Harmonies Pagoda") in Hangzhou is completed in Song dynasty China.source
  • Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen consort of England, spends most of the year in Anjou. Her husband, Henry II, begins an affair with "the Fair" Rosamund Clifford.source

Births

  • July 28 – Ibn Arabi, Andalusian philosopher (d. 1240)source
  • October – Joan of England, queen consort of Sicily (d. 1199)source
  • November – Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1197)source
  • Conrad III of Scharfenberg, German cleric and bishop (d. 1224)source
  • Philippe du Plessis, French Grand Master (d. 1209)source
  • Renaud I, Count of Dammartin (Reginald of Boulogne), French nobleman (d. 1227)source
  • Henry I ("the Brave"), duke of Brabant (d. 1235)source
  • Jean de Montmirail, French nobleman and Cistercian monk (d. 1217)source
  • Lady Shizuka Gozen, Japanese court dancer (d. 1211)source
  • Henry the Bearded, High Duke of Poland (d. 1238)source
  • Waleran III (or Walram), duke of Limburg (d. 1226)source
  • Hermann von Salza, German nobleman, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1239)source
  • Theobald Walter, 1st Chief Butler of Ireland, Anglo-Norman High Sheriff (d. 1206)source
  • Albéric Clément, 1st Marshal of France (d. 1191)source

Deaths

  • January 24 – William of Ypres, Flemish nobleman (b. 1090)source
  • February 7 – Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (b. 1111)source
  • March 27 – Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra, Abbasid vizier (b. 1105)source
  • April 11 – Stephen IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1133)source
  • April 11 – Ibn al-Tilmidh, Arab physician and calligrapher (b. 1074)source
  • July 22 – John Marshal (or FitzGilbert), Marshal of England (b. 1105)source
  • September 5 – Nijō, emperor of Japan (b. 1143)source
  • December 9 – King Malcolm IV of Scotland (b. 1141)source
  • December 9 – King Malcolm IV of Scotland dies at Jedburgh after a 12-year reign and is succeeded by his brother William the Lion as ruler of Scotland (until 1214).source
  • Rostislav Glebovich, Kievan prince of Minsksource
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi, Arab geographer (b. 1100)source
  • Goswin of Anchin, Flemish Benedictine abbot (b. 1086)source
  • Sibylla of Anjou, countess consort of Flanders (b. 1112)source
  • Adalgott of Disentis, German abbot and bishopsource