{"year":1908,"population":{"value":1739441480,"source":{"name":"Population (HYDE 3.3; Gapminder; UN World Population Prospects)","publisher":"Our World in Data","url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population","license":"CC BY 4.0"}},"leaders":{"states":[{"state":"Congo Free State","region":"Africa","country":"Congo","wikipedia":"Congo Free State","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Leopold II of Belgium","person":"Leopold II of Belgium","qid":"Q12967","title":"Sovereign","office":"Sovereign","quote":"Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign (1885–1908)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Rwanda","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Rwanda","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Yuhi V Musinga","person":"Yuhi V of Rwanda","qid":"Q2713920","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Yuhi V Musinga, King (1896–1931)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","region":"Africa","country":"Great Lakes area","wikipedia":"Sultanate of Zanzibar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ali II","person":"Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar","qid":"Q423630","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Ali II, Sultan (1902–1911)"}]},{"state":"Ethiopian Empire","region":"Africa","country":"Horn of Africa area","wikipedia":"Ethiopian Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Menelik II","person":"Menelik II","qid":"Q244748","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Menelik II, Emperor (1889–1913)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Mwali","region":"Africa","country":"Indian Ocean","wikipedia":"Mohéli","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara","person":"Salima Machamba","qid":"Q933224","title":"Queen/Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909)"}]},{"state":"Beylik of Tunis","region":"Africa","country":"Tunisia","wikipedia":"Beylik of Tunis","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad V an-Nasir","person":"Muhammad V an-Nasir","qid":"Q2551383","title":"Bey","office":"Beys","quote":"Muhammad V an-Nasir, Bey (1906–1922)"},{"name":"M'hamed Djellouli","person":"M'hamed Djellouli","qid":"Q3272346","title":"Grand vizier","office":"Grand viziers","quote":"M'hamed Djellouli, Grand vizier (1907–1908)"}]},{"state":"Khedivate of Egypt","region":"Africa","country":"Egypt","wikipedia":"Khedivate of Egypt","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abbas II","person":"Abbas II of Egypt","qid":"Q157159","title":"Khedive","office":"Khedive","quote":"Abbas II, Khedive (1892–1914)"},{"name":"Mostafa Fahmy Pasha","person":"Mostafa Fahmy Pasha","qid":"Q403535","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Prime minister (1895–1908)"},{"name":"Boutros Ghali","person":"Boutros Ghali","qid":"Q262642","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Boutros Ghali, Prime minister (1908–1910)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate of Morocco: Alaouite dynasty","region":"Africa","country":"Morocco and Western Sahara","wikipedia":"Morocco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdelaziz","person":"Abdelaziz of Morocco","qid":"Q307132","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdelaziz, Sultan (1894–1908)"},{"name":"Abdelhafid","person":"Abd al-Hafid of Morocco","qid":"Q276936","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdelhafid, Sultan (1908–1912)"}]},{"state":"Liberia","region":"Africa","country":"Liberia","wikipedia":"Liberia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Arthur Barclay","person":"Arthur Barclay","qid":"Q708561","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Arthur Barclay, President (1904–1912)"}]},{"state":"Second Dominican Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Dominican Republic","wikipedia":"Second Republic (Dominican Republic)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ramón Cáceres","person":"Ramón Cáceres","qid":"Q887594","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Ramón Cáceres, President (1906–1911)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)","region":"Americas","country":"Haiti","wikipedia":"Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pierre Nord Alexis","person":"Pierre Nord Alexis","qid":"Q886447","title":"President","office":"Heads of state","quote":"Pierre Nord Alexis, President (1902–1908)"},{"name":"François C. Antoine Simon","person":"François C. Antoine Simon","qid":"Q886481","title":"President","office":"Heads of state","quote":"François C. Antoine Simon, President (1908–1911)"}]},{"state":"First Costa Rican Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Costa Rica","wikipedia":"First Costa Rican Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Cleto González Víquez","person":"Cleto González Víquez","qid":"Q732720","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Cleto González Víquez, President (1906–1910)"}]},{"state":"El Salvador","region":"Americas","country":"El Salvador","wikipedia":"El Salvador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Fernando Figueroa","person":"Fernando Figueroa","qid":"Q433234","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Fernando Figueroa, President (1907–1911)"}]},{"state":"Guatemala","region":"Americas","country":"Guatemala","wikipedia":"Guatemala","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Manuel Estrada Cabrera","person":"Manuel Estrada Cabrera","qid":"Q879169","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President (1898–1920)"}]},{"state":"Honduras","region":"Americas","country":"Honduras","wikipedia":"Honduras","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Miguel R. Dávila","person":"Miguel R. Dávila","qid":"Q881119","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Miguel R. Dávila, President (1907–1911)"}]},{"state":"Nicaragua","region":"Americas","country":"Nicaragua","wikipedia":"Nicaragua","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José Santos Zelaya","person":"José Santos Zelaya","qid":"Q560938","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909)"}]},{"state":"Canada","region":"Americas","country":"Canada","wikipedia":"Canada","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier","person":"Wilfrid Laurier","qid":"Q128664","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Wilfrid Laurier, Prime minister (1896–1911)"}]},{"state":"Dominion of Newfoundland","region":"Americas","country":"Canada","wikipedia":"Dominion of Newfoundland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Edward VII","person":"Edward VII","qid":"Q20875","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Edward VII, King (1907–1910)"},{"name":"Robert Bond","person":"Robert Bond","qid":"Q176075","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Robert Bond, Prime minister (1907–1909)"}]},{"state":"Mexico","region":"Americas","country":"Mexico","wikipedia":"Mexico","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Porfirio Díaz","person":"Porfirio Díaz","qid":"Q150688","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911)"}]},{"state":"United States","region":"Americas","country":"United States","wikipedia":"United States","key":"United States","holders":[{"name":"Theodore Roosevelt","person":"Theodore Roosevelt","qid":"Q33866","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Theodore Roosevelt, President (1901–1909)"}]},{"state":"Argentine Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Argentina","wikipedia":"Argentina","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José Figueroa Alcorta","person":"José Figueroa Alcorta","qid":"Q442729","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"José Figueroa Alcorta, President (1906–1910)"}]},{"state":"Bolivia","region":"Americas","country":"Bolivia","wikipedia":"Bolivia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ismael Montes","person":"Ismael Montes","qid":"Q3138065","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Ismael Montes, President (1904–1909)"}]},{"state":"First Brazilian Republic","region":"Americas","country":"Brazil","wikipedia":"First Brazilian Republic","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Afonso Pena","person":"Afonso Pena","qid":"Q311185","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Afonso Pena, President (1906–1909)"}]},{"state":"Parliamentary Era Chile","region":"Americas","country":"Chile","wikipedia":"History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pedro Montt","person":"Pedro Montt","qid":"Q1298","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Pedro Montt, President (1906–1910)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Colombia","region":"Americas","country":"Colombia","wikipedia":"Colombia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rafael Reyes Prieto","person":"Rafael Reyes Prieto","qid":"Q887907","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Rafael Reyes Prieto, President (1904–1909)"}]},{"state":"Ecuador","region":"Americas","country":"Ecuador","wikipedia":"Ecuador","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Eloy Alfaro","person":"Eloy Alfaro","qid":"Q378158","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1906), Interim President (1906–1907), President (1907–1911)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Paraguay","region":"Americas","country":"Paraguay","wikipedia":"History of Paraguay","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Benigno Ferreira","person":"Benigno Ferreira","qid":"Q150829","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Benigno Ferreira, President (1906–1908)"},{"name":"Emiliano González Navero","person":"Emiliano González Navero","qid":"Q150816","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Emiliano González Navero, President (1908–1910)"}]},{"state":"Republic of Peru","region":"Americas","country":"Peru","wikipedia":"Peru","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"José Pardo y Barreda","person":"José Pardo y Barreda","qid":"Q136632","title":"Constitutional President","office":null,"quote":"José Pardo y Barreda, Constitutional President (1904–1908)"},{"name":"Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo","person":"Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo","qid":"Q131010","title":"Constitutional President","office":null,"quote":"Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, Constitutional President (1908–1912)"}]},{"state":"United States of Venezuela","region":"Americas","country":"Venezuela","wikipedia":"United States of Venezuela","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Cipriano Castro","person":"Cipriano Castro","qid":"Q469575","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908)"},{"name":"Juan Vicente Gómez","person":"Juan Vicente Gómez","qid":"Q317990","title":"President","office":null,"quote":"Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1908–1913)"}]},{"state":"Khanate of Khiva","region":"Asia","country":"Uzbekistan","wikipedia":"Khanate of Khiva","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II","person":"Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II","qid":"Q3827288","title":"., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan","office":null,"quote":"Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan (1864–1910)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Bukhara","region":"Asia","country":"Uzbekistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Bukhara","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din","person":"'Abd al-Ahad Khan","qid":"Q4413077","title":"Amir","office":null,"quote":"Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din, Amir (1885–1910)"}]},{"state":"Qing dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"China","wikipedia":"Qing dynasty","key":"China","holders":[{"name":"Guangxu","person":"Guangxu Emperor","qid":"Q299710","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Guangxu, Emperor (1875–1908)"},{"name":"Puyi","person":"Puyi","qid":"Q185152","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Puyi, Emperor (1908–1912)"}]},{"state":"Empire of Japan","region":"Asia","country":"Japan","wikipedia":"Empire of Japan","key":"Japan","holders":[{"name":"Meiji","person":"Emperor Meiji","qid":"Q174231","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperors","quote":"Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912)"},{"name":"Saionji Kinmochi","person":"Saionji Kinmochi","qid":"Q297628","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Saionji Kinmochi, Prime minister (1906–1908)"},{"name":"Katsura Tarō","person":"Katsura Tarō","qid":"Q159048","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1908–1911)"}]},{"state":"Korean Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Korea","wikipedia":"Korean Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sunjong","person":"Sunjong of Korea","qid":"Q334111","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Sunjong, Emperor (1907–1910)"}]},{"state":"Protectorate of Brunei","region":"Asia","country":"Brunei","wikipedia":"Brunei#British intervention","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad Jamalul Alam II","person":"Muhammad Jamalul Alam II","qid":"Q40110","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Muhammad Jamalul Alam II, Sultan (1906–1924)"}]},{"state":"Surakarta Sunanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Surakarta Sunanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pakubuwono X","person":"Pakubuwono X","qid":"Q2330098","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Pakubuwono X, Sultan (1893–1939)"}]},{"state":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamengkubuwono VII","person":"Hamengkubuwono VII","qid":"Q2584101","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Hamengkubuwono VII, Sultan (1877–1921)"}]},{"state":"Pakualaman","region":"Asia","country":"Indonesia","wikipedia":"Pakualaman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Pakualam VII","person":"Paku Alam VII","qid":"Q2266005","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Pakualam VII, Sultan (1906–1937)"}]},{"state":"French Protectorate of Luang Phrabang","region":"Asia","country":"Laos","wikipedia":"French Protectorate of Laos","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sisavang Vong","person":"Sisavang Vong","qid":"Q379794","title":"King of Luang Phrabang","office":null,"quote":"Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953)"}]},{"state":"Kedah Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Kedah Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll","person":"Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah","qid":"Q4207009","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll, Sultan, (1881–1943)"}]},{"state":"Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Perak Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah","person":"Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah of Perak","qid":"Q5989719","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, Sultan (1887–1916)"}]},{"state":"Terengganu Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Terengganu Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Zainal Abidin III","person":"Zainal Abidin III of Terengganu","qid":"Q80497","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1881–1918)"}]},{"state":"Selangor Sultanate","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Selangor Sultanate","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sulaiman","person":"Sulaiman of Selangor","qid":"Q7335978","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Sulaiman, Sultan (1896–1937)"}]},{"state":"Negeri Sembilan","region":"Asia","country":"Malaysia","wikipedia":"Negeri Sembilan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Muhammad","person":"Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan","qid":"Q6932902","title":"Yamtuan","office":null,"quote":"Muhammad, Yamtuan (1888–1933)"}]},{"state":"Siam/Thailand: Rattanakosin Kingdom","region":"Asia","country":"Thailand","wikipedia":"Thailand","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Chulalongkorn","person":"Chulalongkorn","qid":"Q158861","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Chulalongkorn, King (1868–1910)"}]},{"state":"Nguyễn dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Vietnam","wikipedia":"Nguyễn dynasty","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Duy Tân","person":"Duy Tân","qid":"Q465277","title":"Emperor","office":null,"quote":"Duy Tân, Emperor (1907–1916)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Afghanistan","wikipedia":"Emirate of Afghanistan","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Habibullah Khan","person":"Habibullah Khan","qid":"Q334869","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Habibullah Khan, Emir (1901–1919)"}]},{"state":"Hakims of Bahrain","region":"Asia","country":"Bahrain","wikipedia":"History of Bahrain (1783–1971)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa","person":"Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa","qid":"Q343110","title":"Hakim","office":null,"quote":"Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869–1923)"}]},{"state":"Sublime State of Persia: Qajar dynasty","region":"Asia","country":"Iran","wikipedia":"Qajar Iran","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar","person":"Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar","qid":"Q355603","title":"Shah","office":"Shahs","quote":"Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Shah (1907–1909)"}]},{"state":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","region":"Asia","country":"Kuwait","wikipedia":"Sheikhdom of Kuwait","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Mubarak I","person":"Mubarak Al-Sabah","qid":"Q388730","title":"Sheikh","office":null,"quote":"Mubarak I, Sheikh (1896–1915)"}]},{"state":"Sultanate/ State of Muscat and Oman","region":"Asia","country":"Oman","wikipedia":"Muscat and Oman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Faisal","person":"Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman","qid":"Q889847","title":"Sultan","office":null,"quote":"Faisal, Sultan (1888–1913)"}]},{"state":"Qatar","region":"Asia","country":"Qatar","wikipedia":"Qatar","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani","person":"Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani","qid":"Q4116076","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, Emir (1878–1913)"}]},{"state":"Saudi Arabia","region":"Asia","country":"Saudi Arabia","wikipedia":"Saudi Arabia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ibn Saud","person":"Ibn Saud","qid":"Q151509","title":"Emir","office":null,"quote":"Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)"}]},{"state":"Ottoman (Turkish) Empire","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Ottoman Empire","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdul Hamid II","person":"Abdul Hamid II","qid":"Q134817","title":"Sultan","office":"Sultans","quote":"Abdul Hamid II, Sultan (1876–1909)"},{"name":"Mehmed Ferid Pasha","person":"Mehmed Ferid Pasha","qid":"Q4292197","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1903–1908)"},{"name":"Mehmed Said Pasha","person":"Mehmed Said Pasha","qid":"Q1398211","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908)"},{"name":"Kâmil Pasha","person":"Kâmil Pasha","qid":"Q367997","title":"Grand Vizier","office":"Grand Viziers","quote":"Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908–1909)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan","person":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan","qid":"Q4119330","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, ruler (1855–1909)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Dubai","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Dubai","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Butti bin Suhail Al Maktoum","person":"Butti bin Suhail Al Maktoum","qid":"Q340060","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Butti bin Suhail Al Maktoum, ruler (1906–1912)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Sharjah","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Sharjah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi","person":"Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi","qid":"Q57164220","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1883–1914)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Ajman","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Ajman","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi","person":"Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi","qid":"Q57729207","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1900–1910)"}]},{"state":"Umm Al Quwain","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Umm Al Quwain","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla","person":"Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla","qid":"Q57584838","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla, ruler (1904–1922)"}]},{"state":"Emirate of Fujairah","region":"Asia","country":"Turkey","wikipedia":"Emirate of Fujairah","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi","person":"Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi","qid":"Q60785964","title":"ruler","office":null,"quote":"Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi, ruler (1879–1936)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Bulgaria","region":"Europe","country":"Bulgaria","wikipedia":"Principality of Bulgaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand I","person":"Ferdinand I of Bulgaria","qid":"Q151667","title":"Prince","office":"Princes","quote":"Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918)"},{"name":"Petar Gudev","person":"Petar Gudev","qid":"Q920732","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Petar Gudev, Prime minister (1907–1908)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","region":"Europe","country":"Bulgaria","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ferdinand I","person":"Ferdinand I of Bulgaria","qid":"Q151667","title":"Tsar","office":"Tsars","quote":"Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918)"},{"name":"Aleksandar Malinov","person":"Aleksandar Malinov","qid":"Q459632","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1908–1911)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Greece","region":"Europe","country":"Greece","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Greece","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George I","person":"George I of Greece","qid":"Q17142","title":"King","office":"Monarchy","quote":"George I, King (1863–1913)"},{"name":"Georgios Theotokis","person":"Georgios Theotokis","qid":"Q708300","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1905–1909)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Serbia / Yugoslavia: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia","region":"Europe","country":"Yugoslavia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Serbia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Nikola Pašić","person":"Nikola Pašić","qid":"Q313843","title":"Prime minister","office":"Presidents of the ministry: Serbia","quote":"Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1906–1908)"},{"name":"Petar Velimirović","person":"Petar Velimirović","qid":"Q435932","title":"Prime minister","office":"Presidents of the ministry: Serbia","quote":"Petar Velimirović, Prime minister (1908–1909)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia","region":"Europe","country":"Yugoslavia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Franz Joseph","person":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916)"},{"name":"Aleksandar Rakodczaj","person":"Aleksandar Rakodczay","qid":"Q4714859","title":"Ban","office":"Bans","quote":"Aleksandar Rakodczaj, Ban (1907–1908)"},{"name":"Pavao Rauch","person":"Pavao Rauch","qid":"Q7155537","title":"Ban","office":"Bans","quote":"Pavao Rauch, Ban (1908–1910)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Montenegro","region":"Europe","country":"Yugoslavia","wikipedia":"Principality of Montenegro","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Lazar Tomanović","person":"Lazar Tomanović","qid":"Q1562950","title":"President","office":"Presidents of the ministerial council","quote":"Lazar Tomanović, President (1907–1910)"}]},{"state":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","region":"Europe","country":"United Kingdom","wikipedia":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","key":"United Kingdom","holders":[{"name":"Edward VII","person":"Edward VII","qid":"Q20875","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Edward VII, King (1901–1910)"},{"name":"Henry Campbell-Bannerman","person":"Henry Campbell-Bannerman","qid":"Q106618","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime minister (1905–1908)"},{"name":"H. H. Asquith","person":"H. H. Asquith","qid":"Q166714","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"H. H. Asquith, Prime minister (1908–1916)"}]},{"state":"Austria-Hungary: Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary","region":"Europe","country":"Austria","wikipedia":"Austria-Hungary","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Franz Joseph I","person":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","qid":"Q51056","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperor-Kings (Austria / Hungary)","quote":"Franz Joseph I, Emperor (1848–1916)"},{"name":"Sándor Wekerle","person":"Sándor Wekerle","qid":"Q340174","title":"Prime Minister","office":"Prime Ministers of Hungary","quote":"Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister (1906–1910)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bohemia","region":"Europe","country":"Czechoslovakia","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bohemia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Franz Joseph I","person":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Franz Joseph I, King (1848–1916)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Bavaria","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Bavaria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Otto","person":"Otto, King of Bavaria","qid":"Q44825","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Otto, King (1886–1913)"}]},{"state":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Friedrich","person":"Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont","qid":"Q819501","title":"Prince","office":null,"quote":"Friedrich, Prince (1893–1918)"}]},{"state":"Duchy of Anhalt","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Duchy of Anhalt","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederick II","person":"Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt","qid":"Q657137","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Frederick II, Duke (1904–1918)"}]},{"state":"Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charles Edward","person":"Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","qid":"Q160467","title":"Duke","office":null,"quote":"Charles Edward, Duke (1900–1918)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Württemberg","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Württemberg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William II","person":"William II of Württemberg","qid":"Q57263","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"William II, King (1891–1918)"}]},{"state":"German Empire","region":"Europe","country":"Germany","wikipedia":"German Empire","key":"Germany","holders":[{"name":"Wilhelm II","person":"Wilhelm II, German Emperor","qid":"Q2677","title":"Emperor","office":"Emperor","quote":"Wilhelm II, Emperor (1888–1918)"},{"name":"Bernhard von Bülow","person":"Bernhard von Bülow","qid":"Q60113","title":"Chancellor","office":"Chancellors","quote":"Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor (1900–1909)"}]},{"state":"Liechtenstein","region":"Europe","country":"Liechtenstein","wikipedia":"Liechtenstein","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Johann II","person":"Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein","qid":"Q317016","title":"Prince","office":"Sovereign Princes","quote":"Johann II, Prince (1858–1929)"},{"name":"Carl von In der Maur","person":"Carl von In der Maur","qid":"Q28791128","title":"Governor","office":"Heads of government","quote":"Carl von In der Maur, Governor (1897–1913)"}]},{"state":"Switzerland","region":"Europe","country":"Switzerland","wikipedia":"Switzerland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Ernst Brenner","person":"Ernst Brenner","qid":"Q546077","title":"President of the Confederation","office":null,"quote":"Ernst Brenner, President of the Confederation (1908)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Romania","region":"Europe","country":"Romania","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Romania","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Charles I","person":"Charles I of Romania","qid":"Q57146","title":"King","office":"Kings","quote":"Charles I, King (1881–1914)"},{"name":"Dimitrie Sturdza","person":"Dimitrie Sturdza","qid":"Q554730","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1907–1909)"}]},{"state":"Russian Empire","region":"Europe","country":"Russia","wikipedia":"Russian Empire","key":"Russia","holders":[{"name":"Nicholas II","person":"Nicholas II of Russia","qid":"Q40787","title":"Emperor","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Nicholas II, Emperor (1894–1917)"},{"name":"Pyotr Stolypin","person":"Pyotr Stolypin","qid":"Q138487","title":"Chairman of council of ministers","office":"Chairman","quote":"Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of council of ministers (1906–1911)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","region":"Europe","country":"Ukraine","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Francis Joseph I","person":"Franz Joseph I of Austria","qid":"Q51056","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1916)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Denmark","region":"Europe","country":"Denmark","wikipedia":"Denmark","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Frederik VIII","person":"Frederik VIII of Denmark","qid":"Q152756","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Frederik VIII, King (1906–1912)"},{"name":"Jens Christian Christensen","person":"Jens Christian Christensen","qid":"Q1274220","title":"Council president","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jens Christian Christensen, Council president (1905–1908)"},{"name":"Niels Neergaard","person":"Niels Neergaard","qid":"Q1375094","title":"Council president","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Niels Neergaard, Council president (1908–1909)"}]},{"state":"Grand Duchy of Finland","region":"Europe","country":"Finland","wikipedia":"Grand Duchy of Finland","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Nicholas II","person":"Nicholas II of Russia","qid":"Q40787","title":"Grand Prince","office":null,"quote":"Nicholas II, Grand Prince (1894–1917)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Norway","region":"Europe","country":"Norway","wikipedia":"Norway","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Haakon VII","person":"Haakon VII of Norway","qid":"Q154927","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Haakon VII, King (1905–1957)"},{"name":"Jørgen Løvland","person":"Jørgen Løvland","qid":"Q457149","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Jørgen Løvland, Prime minister (1907–1908)"},{"name":"Gunnar Knudsen","person":"Gunnar Knudsen","qid":"Q560949","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Gunnar Knudsen, Prime minister (1908–1910)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Sweden","region":"Europe","country":"Sweden","wikipedia":"Sweden","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Gustaf V","person":"Gustaf V of Sweden","qid":"Q52890","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Gustaf V, King (1907–1950)"},{"name":"Arvid Lindman","person":"Arvid Lindman","qid":"Q53294","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Arvid Lindman, Prime minister (1906–1911)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Italy","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Italy","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Victor Emmanuel III","person":"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy","qid":"Q150642","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)"},{"name":"Giovanni Giolitti","person":"Giovanni Giolitti","qid":"Q297190","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1906–1909)"}]},{"state":"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)","region":"Europe","country":"Italy","wikipedia":"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Victor Emmanuel III","person":"Victor Emmanuel III","qid":"Q150642","title":"King","office":"King","quote":"Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)"}]},{"state":"Andorra","region":"Europe","country":"Andorra","wikipedia":"Andorra","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Juan Benlloch i Vivó","person":"Juan Benlloch i Vivó","qid":"Q526235","title":"Episcopal Co-Prince","office":"Episcopal Co-Princes","quote":"Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1907–1919)"},{"name":"Armand Fallières","person":"Armand Fallières","qid":"Q296673","title":"French Co-Prince","office":"French Co-Princes","quote":"Armand Fallières, French Co-Prince (1906–1913)"}]},{"state":"Kingdom of Portugal","region":"Europe","country":"Portugal","wikipedia":"Kingdom of Portugal","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Carlos I","person":"Carlos I of Portugal","qid":"Q158874","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Carlos I, King (1889–1908)"},{"name":"Manuel II","person":"Manuel II of Portugal","qid":"Q154308","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Manuel II, King (1908–1910)"}]},{"state":"Bourbon Restoration of Spain","region":"Europe","country":"Spain","wikipedia":"Restoration (Spain)","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Alfonso XIII","person":"Alfonso XIII of Spain","qid":"Q18363","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Alfonso XIII, King (1886–1931)"},{"name":"Antonio Maura","person":"Antonio Maura","qid":"Q562489","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1907–1909)"}]},{"state":"Belgium","region":"Europe","country":"Belgium","wikipedia":"Belgium","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Leopold II","person":"Leopold II of Belgium","qid":"Q12967","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Leopold II, King (1865–1909)"},{"name":"Frans Schollaert","person":"Frans Schollaert","qid":"Q15956","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Frans Schollaert, Prime minister (1908–1911)"}]},{"state":"French Third Republic","region":"Europe","country":"France","wikipedia":"French Third Republic","key":"France","holders":[{"name":"Armand Fallières","person":"Armand Fallières","qid":"Q296673","title":"President","office":"Presidents","quote":"Armand Fallières, President (1906–1913)"},{"name":"Georges Clemenceau","person":"Georges Clemenceau","qid":"Q171730","title":"President of the Council of ministers","office":"President of the Council of ministers","quote":"Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of ministers (1906–1909)"}]},{"state":"Grand Duchy of Luxembourg","region":"Europe","country":"Luxembourg","wikipedia":"Luxembourg","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"William IV","person":"William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg","qid":"Q158235","title":"Grand Duke","office":"Monarchs","quote":"William IV, Grand Duke (1905–1912)"},{"name":"Paul Eyschen","person":"Paul Eyschen","qid":"Q945406","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Paul Eyschen, Prime minister (1888–1915)"}]},{"state":"Monaco","region":"Europe","country":"Monaco","wikipedia":"Monaco","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Albert I","person":"Albert I, Prince of Monaco","qid":"Q159646","title":"Prince","office":"Sovereign Prince","quote":"Albert I, Prince (1889–1922)"}]},{"state":"Netherlands","region":"Europe","country":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"Netherlands","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Wilhelmina","person":"Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","qid":"Q150747","title":"Queen","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Wilhelmina, Queen (1890–1948)"},{"name":"Theo de Meester","person":"Theo de Meester","qid":"Q747208","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers of the Netherlands","quote":"Theo de Meester, Prime minister (1905–1908)"},{"name":"Theo Heemskerk","person":"Theo Heemskerk","qid":"Q663299","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers of the Netherlands","quote":"Theo Heemskerk, Prime minister (1908–1913)"}]},{"state":"Australia","region":"Oceania","country":"Australia","wikipedia":"Australia","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Edward VII","person":"Edward VII","qid":"Q20875","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Edward VII, King (1901–1910)"},{"name":"Alfred Deakin","person":"Alfred Deakin","qid":"Q313805","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1905–1908)"},{"name":"Andrew Fisher","person":"Andrew Fisher","qid":"Q314016","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1908–1909)"}]},{"state":"Kings of Uvea (Wallis)","region":"Oceania","country":"French Polynesia","wikipedia":"List of kings of Uvea","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Sosefo Mautāmakia I","person":"Sosefo Mautāmakia I","qid":"Q7563831","title":"King","office":null,"quote":"Sosefo Mautāmakia I, King (1906–1910)"}]},{"state":"Dominion of New Zealand","region":"Oceania","country":"New Zealand","wikipedia":"Dominion of New Zealand","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"Edward VII","person":"Edward VII","qid":"Q20875","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"Edward VII, King (1907–1910)"},{"name":"Joseph Ward","person":"Joseph Ward","qid":"Q1371024","title":"Prime minister","office":"Prime ministers","quote":"Joseph Ward, Prime minister (1906–1912)"}]},{"state":"Tuʻi Kanokupolu of Tonga","region":"Oceania","country":"Tonga","wikipedia":"Tuʻi Kanokupolu","key":null,"holders":[{"name":"George Tupou II","person":"George Tupou II","qid":"Q379844","title":"King","office":"Monarchs","quote":"George Tupou II, King (1893–1918)"}]}],"source":{"name":"Wikipedia","title":"List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)","revid":1377869146,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377869146","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","retrieved":"2026-10-22"},"checked":"Each holder is quoted from the list and kept for this year only where the person's own Wikidata record holds the same post over the same term, to within a year."},"official":{"global_temp_anomaly":{"name":"Global land and ocean surface temperature anomaly (NOAAGlobalTemp), relative to the 1901-2000 average","unit":"degrees Celsius, departure from 1901-2000 mean","value":-0.39,"annual_method":"as published annual (January-December) anomaly in Climate at a Glance","source":{"publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (Climate at a Glance, global time series)","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/time-series/globe/land_ocean/12/12/1850-2025","license":"Public domain (U.S. government work)"}},"earthquakes_m7plus":{"name":"Number of magnitude 7.0+ earthquakes worldwide per year, per the USGS ComCat catalog as of retrieval","unit":"count of events (magnitude >= 7.0, eventtype=earthquake, UTC calendar year)","value":11,"annual_method":"FDSN 'count' endpoint per UTC calendar year (minmagnitude=7, eventtype=earthquake)","source":{"publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program (ANSS Comprehensive Catalog, ComCat)","url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/","license":"Public domain (U.S. government work)"}}},"nobel":{"prizes":[{"category":"Physics","name":"Gabriel Lippmann","kind":"person","qid":"Q133232","motivation":"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference","share":"1","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/12"},{"category":"Chemistry","name":"Ernest Rutherford","kind":"person","qid":"Q9123","motivation":"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances","share":"1","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/167"},{"category":"Physiology or Medicine","name":"Ilya Mechnikov","kind":"person","qid":"Q172254","motivation":"in recognition of their work on immunity","share":"1/2","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/301"},{"category":"Physiology or Medicine","name":"Paul Ehrlich","kind":"person","qid":"Q57089","motivation":"in recognition of their work on immunity","share":"1/2","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/302"},{"category":"Literature","name":"Rudolf Eucken","kind":"person","qid":"Q47695","motivation":"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life","share":"1","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/578"},{"category":"Peace","name":"Fredrik Bajer","kind":"person","qid":"Q191016","motivation":"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors","share":"1/2","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/474"},{"category":"Peace","name":"Klas Pontus Arnoldson","kind":"person","qid":"Q192618","motivation":"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors","share":"1/2","nobel_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/473"}],"source":{"name":"Nobel Prize API v2.1","publisher":"Nobel Prize Outreach","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/about/developer-zone-2/","license":"CC0"},"checked_against":{"name":"Wikidata","property":"P166 with P585","license":"CC0"}},"births":[{"text":"January 8 – William Hartnell, British actor (died 1975)","person":"William Hartnell","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}},{"text":"August 27 – Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (died 1973)","person":"Lyndon B. Johnson","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}},{"text":"August 27 – Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (died 2001)","person":"Donald Bradman","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}},{"text":"May 20 – James Stewart, actor (died 1997)","person":"James Stewart","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340164529#Births","title":"1908 in the United States","revid":1340164529}},{"text":"November 14 – Joseph McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (died 1957)","person":"Joseph McCarthy","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340164529#Births","title":"1908 in the United States","revid":1340164529}},{"text":"12 March – Kurt Stöpel, German bicycle racer (died 1997)","person":"12 March","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331894727#Births","title":"1908 in Germany","revid":1331894727}},{"text":"September 29 – Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967)","person":"September 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}},{"text":"18 September – Viktor Ambartsumian, Soviet Armenian scientist (died 1996)","person":"Viktor Ambartsumian","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337093366#Births","title":"1908 in Russia","revid":1337093366}},{"text":"22 October - José Escobar Saliente, comic book writer and artist (died 1994)","person":"22 October","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330177820#Births","title":"1908 in Spain","revid":1330177820}},{"text":"26 June – Salvador Allende, politician (d. 1973)","person":"Salvador Allende","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243705806#Births","title":"1908 in Chile","revid":1243705806}},{"text":"April 5 – Bette Davis, American actress (died 1989)","person":"Bette Davis","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}},{"text":"May 10 – Helen Elsie Austin, American attorney (died 2004)","person":"Helen Elsie Austin","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340164529#Births","title":"1908 in the United States","revid":1340164529}},{"text":"9 January – Simone de Beauvoir, author and philosopher (died 1986)","person":"Simone de Beauvoir","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344919353#Births","title":"1908 in France","revid":1344919353}},{"text":"25 February – Karl Heinz Stroux, German actor, film- and theatredirector (died 1985)","person":"25 February","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331894727#Births","title":"1908 in Germany","revid":1331894727}},{"text":"March 29 – Arthur O'Connell, American actor (died 1981)","person":"March 29","cite":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#Births","title":"1908","revid":1373410903}}]}