{"slug": "zhao-state", "label": "Zhao (state)", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_%28state%29", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197430", "qid": "Q197430", "description": "one of the states in ancient China's Warring States period", "entries": 43, "years": 40, "span": [-452, -203], "span_label": ["453 BCE", "204 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 28}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}], "also_known_as": ["State of Zhao"], "related": [{"slug": "qin-state", "label": "Qin (state)", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "yan-state", "label": "Yan (state)", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "han-warring-states", "label": "Han (Warring States)", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "wei-state", "label": "Wei (state)", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "lian-po", "label": "Lian Po", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "chu-state", "label": "Chu (State)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "qi-state", "label": "Qi (state)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "warring-states-period", "label": "Warring States period", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "qin-shi-huang", "label": "Qin Shi Huang", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "wang-jian-qin", "label": "Wang Jian (Qin)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jin-chinese-state", "label": "Jin (Chinese state)", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -452, "year_label": "453 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – The Chinese city of Jinyang is severely flooded in the Battle of Jinyang, where the elite families of Jin, Zhao, Zhi, Wei and Han fight. The Wei and the Han swap allegiances to side with Zhao and eliminate the Zhi house, ending the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360983885#China", "title": "453 BC", "revid": 1360983885, "section": "Events › Italy › China"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The states of Han, Zhao and Wei receive official recognition as Marquesses from the Eastern Zhou dynasty, confirming the Partition of Jin. This is one of the traditional starting points of the Warring States period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#China", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -385, "year_label": "386 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese city of Handan is founded by the State of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363395299#China", "title": "386 BC", "revid": 1363395299, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The states of Qin, Han and Zhao defeat the state of Wei and Qin captures the prince of Wei. The Battle of Shaoliang is then fought between Qin and Wei, which Wei loses, whereupon Qin captures the prime minister of Wei.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#China", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Wuling ascends to the throne of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#China", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Huiwen of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (Warring States Period) (d. 266 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Births", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Zhao Sheng, Chinese chancellor of the Zhao State (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#Births", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese King Wuling of Zhao reforms the military of the State of Zhao by putting more emphasis on cavalry over charioteers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#China", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -298, "year_label": "299 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Wuling of Zhao abdicates the throne of Zhao to his son.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1158554016#China", "title": "299 BC", "revid": 1158554016, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -298, "year_label": "299 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The State of Zhao annexes the State of Zhongshan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1158554016#China", "title": "299 BC", "revid": 1158554016, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -294, "year_label": "295 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Wuling of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (b. 340 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129451#Deaths", "title": "295 BC", "revid": 1350129451, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -287, "year_label": "288 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Zhao of Qin and King Min of Qi take the title \"Di\", (帝 literally emperor), of the west and east respectively. They swear a covenant and begin planning an attack on the State of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373136664#China", "title": "288 BC", "revid": 1373136664, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The success of Qi has frightened the other states. Under the leadership of Lord Mengchang, who has been exiled in Wei, Qin, Zhao, Han and Yan form an alliance. Yan had normally been a relatively weak ally of Qi and Qi feared little from this quarter. Yan's onslaught under general Yue Yi comes as a devastating surprise. Simultaneously, the other allies attack from the west. Chu declares itself an ally of Qi but contents itself with annexing some territory to its north. Qi's armies are destroyed while the territory of Qi is reduced to the two cities of Ju and Jimo. King Min himself is later captured and executed by his own followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#China", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -274, "year_label": "275 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher from Zhao who also served at the Jixia academy in Qi. He is known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1164823364#Deaths", "title": "275 BC", "revid": 1164823364, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -265, "year_label": "266 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Huiwen of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (b. 310 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532834#Deaths", "title": "266 BC", "revid": 1373532834, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -264, "year_label": "265 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The State of Zhao stations general Li Mu in Yanmen Commandery, where he proceeds to win multiple victories over the Xiongnu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172727#China", "title": "265 BC", "revid": 1354172727, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "General Bai Qi of the State of Qin captures the Han province of Nan, thereby cutting off Shangdang Commandery from the rest of the Han state. This commandery subsequently surrenders itself to the State of Zhao rather than transfer to Qin control, which will set up the climactic Battle of Changping in 260 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#China", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the surrender of the Shangdang Commandery, formerly of Han, to the State of Zhao, fighting between Zhao and the State of Qin begins in the area of Changping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#China", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -260, "year_label": "261 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The armies of the State of Qin and State of Zhao contest control of the area around Changping. After suffering defeats to general Wang He of Qin and the superior Qin army, general Lian Po of Zhao refuses to give battle, resulting in a stalemate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278727971#China", "title": "261 BC", "revid": 1278727971, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -259, "year_label": "260 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Zhao Kuo, Chinese general of the State of Zhao", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948890#Deaths", "title": "260 BC", "revid": 1325948890, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Lian Po wins a decisive victory in battle over the State of Yan at Hao. He is promoted to Prime Minister following the death of Lord Pingyuan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#China", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -250, "year_label": "251 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Zhao Sheng, Chinese chancellor of the Zhao State", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1125838602#Deaths", "title": "251 BC", "revid": 1125838602, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -248, "year_label": "249 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Qin general Meng Ao seizes the Taiyuan region from the State of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1170050277#China", "title": "249 BC", "revid": 1170050277, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -247, "year_label": "248 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Meng Ao then annexes 37 towns and cities from the State of Zhao, conquering the cities of Yuci, Xincheng and Langmeng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837859#China", "title": "248 BC", "revid": 1267837859, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -246, "year_label": "247 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "General Wang He of the State of Qin takes the city of Shangdang from the State of Zhao and establishes Taiyuan Commandery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297567119#China", "title": "247 BC", "revid": 1297567119, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -244, "year_label": "245 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Lian Po captures the Wei city of Fanyang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172724#China", "title": "245 BC", "revid": 1354172724, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -243, "year_label": "244 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The State of Zhao annexes dozens of cities from the State of Yan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370482239#China", "title": "244 BC", "revid": 1370482239, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Li Mu takes the cities of Wusui and Fancheng from the State of Yan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#China", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -241, "year_label": "242 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Pang Nuan defeats the army of the State of Yan and kills its general Chu Xin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210520734#China", "title": "242 BC", "revid": 1210520734, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Five of the seven major warring states: Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Han, form an alliance to fight the rising power of Qin. King Kaolie of Chu is named the leader of the alliance, and Lord Chunshen the military commander, with Pang Nuan of Zhao also serving as a general. The coalition penetrates as far as the Qin town of Zui, west of the strategic Hangu Pass and in the Qin heartland of Guanzhong, but they are defeated. Afterwards, Chu moves its capital east to Shouchun, further away from the threat of Qin. Qin counterattacks, sacking the Wei city of Chaoge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#China", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Qin general Meng Ao takes the Zhao cities of Long, Hu and Qingdu but then dies en route to the Wei city of Ji. This is then captured by Meng Ao's son Meng Wu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#China", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cheng Jiao, the half-brother of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, is sent to attack the State of Zhao, but he attempts to usurp power and is defeated and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#China", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -238, "year_label": "239 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rough date: The Zhao general Pang Nuan captures the Qi city of Rao'an and the Yan cities of Li and Yangcheng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212004865#China", "title": "239 BC", "revid": 1212004865, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -235, "year_label": "236 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ying Zheng of the State of Qin begins a series of campaigns against the State of Zhao that will end with Zhao's conquest in 228 BC. The Qin generals Huan Yi Yang Duan He and Wang Jian seize nine cities in the Yecheng region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368088891#China", "title": "236 BC", "revid": 1368088891, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -233, "year_label": "234 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Qin general Huan Yi wins a major victory over the Zhao general Hu Zhe in the Battle of Pingyang, and captures Pingyang and Wucheng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1218450136#China", "title": "234 BC", "revid": 1218450136, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -232, "year_label": "233 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Li Mu defeats the Qin army, led by Huan Yi, in the Battle of Fei.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1251978680#China", "title": "233 BC", "revid": 1251978680, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -231, "year_label": "232 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zhao general Li Mu defeats the Qin army in the Battle of Fanwu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319908071#China", "title": "232 BC", "revid": 1319908071, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -228, "year_label": "229 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Li Mu, Chinese general of the Zhao State (Warring States Period)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1205848400#Deaths", "title": "229 BC", "revid": 1205848400, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The State of Qin, its armies led by Wang Jian, completes the conquest of the State of Zhao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#China", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -208, "year_label": "209 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The rebels restore the monarchies of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Wei and (in 208) Han.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115697#China", "title": "209 BC", "revid": 1300115697, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -207, "year_label": "208 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Zhang Han seizes the Zhao capital Handan and besieges its king Zhao Xie in Julu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334903#China", "title": "208 BC", "revid": 1364334903, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Han Xin begins the conquest of Dai and Zhao, and he defeats Chen Yu in the Battle of Jingxing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#China", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Han Xin completes the conquest of Zhao and receives the surrender of Yan. He captures the Zhao capital of Handan and defeats Chu relief forces sent by Xiang Yu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#China", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}]}