{"slug": "world-war-i", "label": "World War I", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361", "qid": "Q361", "description": "1914–1918 global conflict", "entries": 40, "years": 20, "span": [1208, 2021], "span_label": ["1208 CE", "2021 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 19}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["First World War", "WW1", "World War 1"], "related": [{"slug": "austria-hungary", "label": "Austria-Hungary", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-serbia", "label": "Kingdom of Serbia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "german-empire", "label": "German Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sarajevo", "label": "Sarajevo", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "padua", "label": "Padua", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "innsbruck", "label": "Innsbruck", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "veneto", "label": "Veneto", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "arabs", "label": "Arabs", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "middle-east", "label": "Middle East", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Otto IV is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at Frankfurt. He is engaged to Beatrice and travels to Milan where he receives the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy, which continues until the end of World War I in 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary (\"the Cuman\"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#July–September", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada, leader in World War I (d. 1937)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#April–June", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Births › April–June"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Giuseppe Zanardelli forms a new government with Giovanni Giolitti as Interior minister, that would last until 3 November 1903. Giolitti, who was considered to be the true leader of the cabinet, would dominate Italian politics until World War I, a period known as the Giolittian Era in which Italy experienced an industrial expansion, the rise of organised labour and the emergence of an active Catholic political movement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311666676#February", "title": "1901 in Italy", "revid": 1311666676, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 29", "text": "February 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defence of the other during war. The treaty would eventually be dishonored in World War I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#February", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Only two of the ten Class MJ 2-6-6-0 Mallet compound locomotives ordered from German manufacturer Maffei before the outbreak of World War I disrupts further delivery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363057544#Locomotives", "title": "1914 in South Africa", "revid": 1363057544, "section": "Railways › Locomotives"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#June", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo. The assassination led directly to the First World War when Austria-Hungary subsequently issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. Austria-Hungary then declared war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365775968#June", "title": "1914 in Italy", "revid": 1365775968, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – At the outbreak of World War I, the government, led by the conservative Antonio Salandra, declares that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. In reality, both Salandra and the minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonino Paternò Castello, begin to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims. Although the majority of the cabinet (including former Prime Minister Giolitti) is firmly against intervention, numerous intellectuals, including Socialists such as Ivanoe Bonomi and Leonida Bissolati declare in favour of intervention. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio who helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365775968#August", "title": "1914 in Italy", "revid": 1365775968, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "1 November – World War I: Battle of Coronel", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243705676#November", "title": "1914 in Chile", "revid": 1243705676, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – Mussolini founds the newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia (\"The People of Italy\") advocating militarism and irredentism. The paper was subsidized by the French and industrialists on the pretext of influencing Italy to join the Entente Powers and became the foundation for the Fascist movement in Italy after World War I. Mussolini is expelled from the PSI on November 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365775968#November", "title": "1914 in Italy", "revid": 1365775968, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#November", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – World War I: An unofficial and temporary Christmas truce begins between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#December", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March – World War I: German submarine U-12 is hunted down by Royal Navy destroyers HMS Ariel, HMS Acheron and HMS Attack off the Firth of Forth and sunk with the loss of 19 of her crew, 10 being saved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362255011#Events", "title": "1915 in Scotland", "revid": 1362255011, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – July 7 – The First Battle of the Isonzo between the Armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I. The aim of the Italian Army, under the command of Luigi Cadorna, was to drive the Austrians away from its defensive positions along the Soča (Isonzo) and on the nearby mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369974115#June", "title": "1915 in Italy", "revid": 1369974115, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Portugal enters the First World War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266148190#Events", "title": "1916 in Portugal", "revid": 1266148190, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Due to the outbreak of World War I, the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, is cancelled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#Sport", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Sport"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – An armed confrontation in Athens between the Kingdom of Greece and the Allied Powers, arising from a dispute over Greece's neutrality in World War I, followed by reprisals and riots against Greek supporters of the Allies marking the height of the National Schism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#December", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Due to World War I the Italian population declined by 234,978 people", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323614400#Kingdom_of_Italy", "title": "1917 in Italy", "revid": 1323614400, "section": "Kingdom of Italy"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – World War I: United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, Walter H. Page, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico back to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368155951#January–March", "title": "1917 in the United States", "revid": 1368155951, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Due to World War I and the Spanish flu the Italian population declined by 612,937 people", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249908628#Kingdom_of_Italy", "title": "1918 in Italy", "revid": 1249908628, "section": "Kingdom of Italy"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 15", "text": "15 May – World War I: Imperial German Navy submarine SM U-90 shells the Royal Navy wireless station on Hirta in St Kilda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362255037#Events", "title": "1918 in Scotland", "revid": 1362255037, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21–29 - The Ottoman World War I defeat at the Battle of Sardarabad is seen as saving the Armenian nation from destruction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1240540695#May", "title": "1918 in Armenia", "revid": 1240540695, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – First meeting between the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba in an attempt to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364241730#June", "title": "1918 in British-administered Palestine", "revid": 1364241730, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front during World War I. The armistice was signed in the Villa Giusti, outside of Padua in the Veneto, northern Italy, and was to take effect 24 hours later. The occupation of all Tyrol, including Innsbruck, was completed in the following days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249908628#November", "title": "1918 in Italy", "revid": 1249908628, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – End of WWI: Armistice of 11 November 1918 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in the \"Compiègne Wagon\", Marshal Foch's railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. At 10:59 U.S. soldier Henry Gunther becomes (probably) the last killed in action.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#November", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – World War I ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiègne in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366303567#Events", "title": "1918 in Japan", "revid": 1366303567, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, formally ending World War I, five years to the day since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. John Maynard Keynes, who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#June", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – The Victory Medal, a commemorative military medal of Japan awarded to mark service during the First World War, is established by Imperial Edict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366303731#Events", "title": "1920 in Japan", "revid": 1366303731, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – FIDAC (French: Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants, English: The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from World War I, predominantly pacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#November", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Royal Navy battlecruiser HMS New Zealand, funded by the New Zealand government as a gift to Britain before World War I, is broken up for scrap", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369787291#Events", "title": "1923 in New Zealand", "revid": 1369787291, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "11 January – French and Belgian troops enter the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr because of Germany’s refusal to pay war reparations, causing strikes and a severe economic crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360295591#Events", "title": "1923 in Germany", "revid": 1360295591, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September - President Paul von Hindenburg repudiates German responsibility for the Great War", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360295603#Events", "title": "1927 in Germany", "revid": 1360295603, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, leader during World War I (b. 1841)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#November", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Deaths › November"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Marshal Philippe Pétain, former Prime Minister and Head of State of France, Chief of State of Vichy France during World War II, hero commander of World War I who led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun, for which he was called \"the Lion of Verdun\", dies while serving a sentence of life-imprisonment on the island of Île-d'Yeu at 95 years old.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#July", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Germany makes final reparation payment for World War I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#October", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – 100-year anniversary of World War I's commencement (Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#July", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – U.S. president Joe Biden becomes the first U.S. president to formally recognize the Ottoman killings of Armenians during World War I as genocide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}]}