{"slug": "winston-churchill", "label": "Winston Churchill", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8016", "qid": "Q8016", "description": "British statesman, soldier and writer (1874–1965)", "entries": 35, "years": 18, "span": [1874, 1965], "span_label": ["1874 CE", "1965 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 18}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Sir Winston Churchill"], "related": [{"slug": "prime-minister-of-the-united-kingdom", "label": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "franklin-d-roosevelt", "label": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom", "label": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "joseph-stalin", "label": "Joseph Stalin", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nobel-prize-in-literature", "label": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "president-of-the-united-states", "label": "President of the United States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "labour-party-uk", "label": "Labour Party (UK)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "prime-minister", "label": "Prime minister", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "czechoslovakia", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "chancellor-of-the-exchequer", "label": "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1874, "year_label": "1874 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1965)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371979117#November", "title": "1874", "revid": 1371979117, "section": "Births › November"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 8", "text": "8 April – David Lloyd George becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer, while Winston Churchill enters the Cabinet for the first time, as President of the Board of Trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336924317#Events", "title": "1908 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1336924317, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Siege of Sidney Street in London: Two Latvian anarchists die, after a seven-hour siege against a combined police and military force. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrives to oversee events.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#January", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Presenting the Stanley Baldwin government's budget, Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill announces Britain's return to the gold standard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#April", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – British politician Winston Churchill makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German rearmament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#August", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 2", "text": "2 September – Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, telling him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365914432#Events", "title": "1938 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1365914432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security, if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat, and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#October", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Chamberlain offers the war cabinet post of First Lord of the Admiralty to Winston Churchill, who returns to government for the first time since June 4, 1929.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#September", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – With the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#May", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Winston Churchill, in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, \"I have nothing to offer you but blood, toil, tears and sweat.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#May", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Winston Churchill tells the House of Commons of the United Kingdom: \"The Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin... if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#June", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – In a BBC radio broadcast from London, Victor de Laveleye asks all Belgians to use the letter \"V\" as a rallying sign, being the first letter of victoire (victory) in French and of vrijheid (freedom) in Dutch. This is the beginning of the \"V campaign\" which sees \"V\" graffities on the walls of Belgium and later all of Europe and introduces the use of the \"V sign\" for victory and freedom. Winston Churchill adopts the sign soon afterwards, though he sometimes gets it the wrong way around and uses the common insult gesture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "27 May – Speaking in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Winston Churchill rules out the introduction of conscription in the North.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286174033#Events", "title": "1941 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1286174033, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: \"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\" Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#August", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – WWII: Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the United States Congress.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14–24 – WWII: Casablanca Conference: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle of the French Resistance meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next stage of the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#January", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – Yenice Conference, a meeting between İsmet İnönü and Winston Churchill in which the British side tried to persuade Turkey to join war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368569688#Events", "title": "1943 in Turkey", "revid": 1368569688, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the United States Congress.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#May", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City; Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#August", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22–26 – WWII: Cairo Conference (\"Sextant\") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – WWII: Tehran Conference: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran, to discuss war strategy. On November 30, they establish an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe, codenamed Operation Overlord.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – WWII: Fourth Moscow Conference: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin begin a 9-day conference in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#October", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4–11 – WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#February", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 16", "text": "16 May – Éamon de Valera replies in a radio broadcast to Winston Churchill's criticism of Irish neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367526503#Events", "title": "1945 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1367526503, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a majority in the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#July", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – In a speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill talks about the Iron Curtain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#March", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union, at Kingsway Hall, London - but does not see UK as part of it, \"The British Government have rightly stated that they cannot commit this country to entering any European Union without the agreement of the other members of the British Commonwealth\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#November", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes \"a parley at the summit\" with Soviet leaders, the first use of the term \"summit\" for such a meeting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#February", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Winston Churchill supports the idea of a pan-European army, allied with Canada and the U.S.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#August", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government, after 6 years in power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#October", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, due to ill-health, at the age of 80.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#April", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Sir Winston Churchill, British politician and statesman, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, World War II leader, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1874)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#January", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Deaths › January"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill takes place in London with the largest assembly of dignitaries in the world until the 2005 funeral of Pope John Paul II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#January–February", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › January–February"}}]}