{"slug": "volga", "label": "Volga", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626", "qid": "Q626", "description": "river in Russia; the longest river in Europe", "entries": 12, "years": 12, "span": [-1199, 1942], "span_label": ["1200 BCE", "1942 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Volga River"], "related": [{"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "caucasus", "label": "Caucasus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "don-river", "label": "Don (river)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dnieper", "label": "Dnieper", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "huns", "label": "Huns", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alans", "label": "Alans", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "qing-dynasty", "label": "Qing dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kievan-rus", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -1199, "year_label": "1200 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1200 BC: The proto-Scythian Srubna (Timber-grave) culture expands from the lower Volga region to cover the whole of the North Pontic area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350963473#Events_and_trends", "title": "1200s BC (decade)", "revid": 1350963473, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns migrate westward from the Volga into Europe and subjugate the Alans and the Ostrogoths. With their arrival, a tradition of composite bows is introduced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Europe", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 650, "year_label": "650 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Khazar Khaganate extends from the Dnieper to the Caspian Sea, and establishes the city, Itil, as its capital on the shore of the Caspian. Northward it extends to the headwaters of the Volga. Their rulers accept the Jewish religion, apparently to assert their independence from both Muslims and Christians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804422#Europe", "title": "650", "revid": 1340804422, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars led by Hazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent by Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near the Volga River, which destroy what remains of the Khazar forces. The Umayyad Caliphate now has full control of the Caucasus after completely destroying the Khazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Asia", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kyiv, begins a 2-year campaign in which he will defeat Khazar forces along the Don River – vanquish the Ossetes and the Circassians in the northern Caucasus. He also successfully attacks the Bulgars on the Volga River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Europe", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Europe", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ivan the Terrible conquers Astrakhan, opening the Volga River to Russian traffic and trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#Date_unknown", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – Catherine follows the waiver of religious requirement for Russian immigration with a 190-word invitation, translated into various European languages, that invites Europeans to build settlements along arable, but undeveloped, land in southern Russia along the Volga River; when the invitation attracts little notice, she follows on July 22 with a longer manifesto promising free travel expenses and a written guarantee of rights.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#October–December", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut Migration) is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing dynasty rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#January–_March", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › January– March"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: German forces of the 16th Panzer Division reach the suburbs of Stalingrad. The German 6th Army under General Friedrich Paulus stabilishes the frontier and takes up positions at the Volga River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#August", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › August"}}]}