{"slug": "vatican-city", "label": "Vatican City", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237", "qid": "Q237", "description": "Holy See's independent state, an enclave within Rome, Italy", "entries": 27, "years": 22, "span": [469, 2023], "span_label": ["469 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 19}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Vatican City State"], "related": [{"slug": "pope-john-paul-ii", "label": "Pope John Paul II", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "holy-see", "label": "Holy See", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope-benedict-xvi", "label": "Pope Benedict XVI", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-paul-vi", "label": "Pope Paul VI", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "st-peter-s-basilica", "label": "St. Peter's Basilica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lutheranism", "label": "Lutheranism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him \"the new Constantine\" on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Religion", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#January–March", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, on the 1,300th anniversary of the previous church in 326.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The first issue of the Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#July", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 11", "text": "11 October — German Emperor Wilhelm II in Rome on an official state visit. Visiting the Italian King Umberto I in Rome would be regarded as recognizing his right to rule the Holy City, while the Vatican did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome. To appease the situation, Wilhelm II also met Pope Leo XIII the next day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205634#October", "title": "1888 in Italy", "revid": 1340205634, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the \"Roman Question\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#June", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#February", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – First Bombing of the Vatican – Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – The Vatican announces that bones uncovered in its catacombs could be those of the apostle Peter; 19 years later, Pope Paul VI announces confirmation that the bones belong to this first pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#August", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Pope Pius XII witnesses the \"Miracle of the Sun\" at the Vatican and defines a new dogma of Roman Catholicism, the Munificentissimus Deus, which says that God took Mary's body into Heaven after her death (the \"Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#November", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#April", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – In St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City), Laszlo Toth attacks Michelangelo's Pietà statue with a geologist's hammer, shouting that he is Jesus Christ.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#May", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – During a meeting in the Vatican City, Pope John Paul II announces to the representatives of Chile and Argentina his proposed resolution of the Beagle Conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243704716#December", "title": "1980 in Chile", "revid": 1243704716, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation led by Polish Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa at the Vatican.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#January", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Pope John Paul II assassination attempt: Pope John Paul II is shot by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman, as he enters St. Peter's Square in Vatican City to address a general audience. The Pope recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#May", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Pope John Paul II appoints a bishop over the Czechoslovak exile community, which the Rudé právo newspaper calls a \"provocation.\" This begins a year-long disagreement between the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Vatican, leading to the eventual restoration of diplomatic relations between the two states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#January", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Sweden re-establishes diplomatic ties with the Vatican after a 450-year interruption. Sweden broke off relations in 1534 in keeping with the rise of Lutheranism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#March", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Emanuela Orlandi, a 15-year-old Vatican girl, mysteriously disappears in Rome while returning home from a music lesson. The disappearance of the girl led to many speculations involving international terrorism, Italian organized crime, and even a plot inside the Vatican to cover a sexual scandal inside the Holy See. Because of all these theories, the Orlandi case would later become Italy's most famous mystery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#January", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Pope John Paul II issues the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis from the Vatican, expounding the Catholic Church's position requiring \"the reservation of priestly ordination to men alone\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#May", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 8", "text": "8 June – Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad visits Vatican City and meets Pope John Paul II for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373350801#Events", "title": "2002 in Malaysia", "revid": 1373350801, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Vietnam's prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng becomes the first leader of the communist nation to meet and hold talks with the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Prime Minister Dũng met Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican City in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274619012#January", "title": "2007 in Vietnam", "revid": 1274619012, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Pedro Calungsod is canonized in the Vatican City. He is the second Filipino saint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371262305#Entertainment_and_Culture", "title": "2012 in the Philippines", "revid": 1371262305, "section": "Entertainment and Culture"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "8 November – President Chinchilla met Pope Francis in the Apostolic Palace Library in the Vatican, accompanied by a presidential delegation of thirteen people including the Minister of Communications, Carlos Roverssi; the Foreign Minister, Enrique Castillo; foreign policy chief, Javier Díaz; Deputy Ileana Brenes Jiménez of the National Liberation Party; the Costa Rican ambassador to the Vatican, Fernando Sánchez; the President's personal assistant, Alejandra Fonseca; Secretary of the Governing Council, Marta Monge; the chief of protocol, Ludwig Sibaja; and the President's husband. During their 25-minute meeting, Chinchilla gave the Pope a handmade stole made by indigenous women from Costa Rica. He gave her a copy of the Aparecida Document (the master plan for the New Evangelization in Latin America), and a medal of his pontificate. The President told the Pope that she would not be attending the canonization of Pope John Paul II. Chinchilla, who visited Pope Benedict XVI on 28 May 2012, invited Pope Francis to visit her country (John Paul II visited Costa Rica in 1983).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371679847#November", "title": "2013 in Costa Rica", "revid": 1371679847, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The funeral of Pope Benedict XVI is held at St. Peter's Square in the Vatican City. The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#January", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 18", "text": "18 October – Nicaragua releases 12 Catholic priests, critical of President Daniel Ortega's regime, and sends them to Rome, Italy, following an agreement with Vatican City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1270879438#Events", "title": "2023 in Nicaragua", "revid": 1270879438, "section": "Events"}}]}