{"slug": "united-states-secretary-of-state", "label": "United States Secretary of State", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14213", "qid": "Q14213", "description": "head of the United States Department of State", "entries": 38, "years": 35, "span": [1790, 2023], "span_label": ["1790 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Births", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "also_known_as": ["American Secretary of State", "U.S Secretary of State", "U.S. Secretary of State", "US Secretary of State", "United States secretary of state"], "related": [{"slug": "nobel-peace-prize", "label": "Nobel Peace Prize", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "president-of-the-united-states", "label": "President of the United States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-states-senate", "label": "United States Senate", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dwight-d-eisenhower", "label": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nikita-khrushchev", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "donald-trump", "label": "Donald Trump", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gaza-strip", "label": "Gaza Strip", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hamas", "label": "Hamas", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "palestinians", "label": "Palestinians", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York, as the new United States Secretary of State.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#January–March", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (d. 1872)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370397745#January–June", "title": "1801", "revid": 1370397745, "section": "Births › January–June"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (d. 1885)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#July–December", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#January–June", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Births › January–June"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – John Hay, diplomat, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 37th United States Secretary of State (d. 1905)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#October–December", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The \"Peacemaker\", the largest naval gun in the world, explodes during a demonstration aboard the USS Princeton on the Potomac River, killing six, including Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374095154#Events", "title": "1844 in the United States", "revid": 1374095154, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Lewis Powell, attempted assassin of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, conspirator with John Wilkes Booth (d. 1865)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372570203#April–June", "title": "1844", "revid": 1372570203, "section": "Births › April–June"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home, by Lewis Powell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#April", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Secretary of State William H. Seward declares the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As of December 6, slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#December", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Alaska Purchase: Alaska is purchased for US$7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cents/acre ($4.19/km 2 ), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. Newspapers call this Seward's Folly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#March", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1871, "year_label": "1871 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649173#September–October", "title": "1871", "revid": 1368649173, "section": "Births › September–October"}}, {"year": 1872, "year_label": "1872 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – William H. Seward, 24th United States Secretary of State (b. 1801)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371307490#July–December", "title": "1872", "revid": 1371307490, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1880, "year_label": "1880 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371273111#November–December", "title": "1880", "revid": 1371273111, "section": "Births › November–December"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – James G. Blaine, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1830)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#January–June", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#January", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#May", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Births › May"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – James Baker, former United States Secretary of State and United States Secretary of the Treasury", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#April", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Births › April"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#November", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, 68th U.S. Secretary of State", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#December", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Births › December"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Edward Stettinius, Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#December", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Hillary Clinton, American politician, First Lady, US Senator (D-Ny.), Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic presidential candidate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#October", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Births › October"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Condoleezza Rice, American politician, 66th United States Secretary of State", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#November", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Births › November"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1871)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#July", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Deaths › July"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – The U.S. State Department released tapes that showed that Soviet jets had shot down an unarmed American Lockheed C-130 transport plane on September 2, 1958. Transmissions between the two fighter planes, identified as \"201\" and \"218\", had been intercepted in Turkey. The Soviets denounced the tapes as a \"clumsy fake\". On the same day, Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev invited U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to visit Moscow, adding that he could bring anyone, and go anywhere, he chose. In his speech, Khrushchev referred to U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and proclaimed, \"Mr. Dulles, if you so desire, then for the sake of ending the Cold War, we are even prepared to admit your victory in this war that is unwanted by the peoples. Regard yourselves, gentlemen, as victors in this war, but end it quickly.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266154737#February", "title": "1959 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1266154737, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#October", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Deaths › October"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries by the end of 1963.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#December", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 - Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State of the United States, visits the country on an official diplomatic tour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304411830#February", "title": "1976 in Venezuela", "revid": 1304411830, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Gulf War: U.S. Secretary of State James Baker meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#January", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "20 August – The first agreement in the Oslo Accords is signed in Oslo, between by Foreign Minister Shimon Peres for Israel, Mahmoud Abbas for the Palestine Liberation Organization and Secretary of State Warren Christopher for the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369346512#Events", "title": "1993 in Palestine", "revid": 1369346512, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Edmund Muskie, 81, American statesman, political leader, and U.S. Secretary of State, heart failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353315758", "title": "Deaths in March 1996", "revid": 1353315758, "section": "Deaths › March"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September", "text": "United States Secretary of State Colin Powell confirmed that Osama bin Laden was a suspect, but not the only suspect, for the September 11th attacks. Powell was in contact with Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf to build cooperation in fighting terrorism and to discuss the possibility of U.S. usage of Pakistani air space. Powell also announced that U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage would soon travel to Moscow for talks with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Trubnikov about Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351523885#September", "title": "2001 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1351523885, "section": "September"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9: United States Secretary of State Colin Powell declares that the actions of the Janjaweed Arab militia in Darfur constitute genocide. Powell holds the government of Sudan responsible. Up to 50,000 ethnic Africans have been killed and 2.2 million displaced into refugee camps in neighboring Chad by ethnic Arab militias.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334146534#Events", "title": "2004 in Chad", "revid": 1334146534, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Israel releases 199 Palestinian Arab prisoners as a goodwill gesture to the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, as the United States Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, visits the area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364025844#Events", "title": "2008 in Palestine", "revid": 1364025844, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#November", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election: Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise upset against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#November", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Colin Powell, 84, American general and politician, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993) and secretary of state (2001–2005), complications from COVID-19.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366216085", "title": "Deaths in October 2021", "revid": 1366216085, "section": "Deaths › October"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "28 March–The foreign ministers of Israel, Egypt, Morocco, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, as well as the United States Secretary of State, meet in Sde Boker, Israel, and agree to hold regular meetings about regional security and commit to further expanding economic and diplomatic cooperation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309166541#Events", "title": "2022 in Bahrain", "revid": 1309166541, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Henry Kissinger, 100, German-born American diplomat and politician, national security advisor (1969–1975), secretary of state (1973–1977) and Nobel Prize laureate (1973), heart failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339737", "title": "Deaths in November 2023", "revid": 1373339737, "section": "Deaths › November"}}]}