{"slug": "united-states-dollar", "label": "United States dollar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917", "qid": "Q4917", "description": "official currency of the United States", "entries": 37, "years": 27, "span": [-330, 2023], "span_label": ["331 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 18}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["American dollar", "U.S. dollar", "U.S. dollars", "US $", "US Dollar", "US dollar", "US$", "USD", "United States Dollar", "United States currency"], "related": [{"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "modified-mercalli-intensity-scale", "label": "Modified Mercalli intensity scale", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "deutsche-mark", "label": "Deutsche Mark", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pablo-picasso", "label": "Pablo Picasso", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "brazil", "label": "Brazil", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "canada", "label": "Canada", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "european-union", "label": "European Union", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "For the first time, Alexander encounters war elephants after the battle in Darius' camp. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gains access to huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents (equivalent of today circa 77 billion USD).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Macedonia", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The United States dollar is unanimously chosen as the country's money unit, the first time a nation has adopted a decimal currency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278586902#Events", "title": "1785 in the United States", "revid": 1278586902, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – The Coinage Act is passed establishing the United States Mint and the United States dollar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753319#April–June", "title": "1792 in the United States", "revid": 1369753319, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription \"In God We Trust\" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373612305#April", "title": "1864 in the United States", "revid": 1373612305, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The 6.9–7.3 Mw Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Sixty people are killed and damage is estimated at $5–6 million.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679856#Events", "title": "1886 in the United States", "revid": 1372679856, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The 7.0 Mw Charleston earthquake affects southeastern South Carolina, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 60 people are killed, and damage is estimated at $5–6 million.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#August", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold standard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364252953#January–March", "title": "1900 in the United States", "revid": 1364252953, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Total imports: USD 870,135,289.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347379379#Balance_of_trade", "title": "1911 in Belgium", "revid": 1347379379, "section": "Balance of trade"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#August", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – The United Kingdom government devalues the pound sterling from $4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies being devalued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#September", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The UK pound is devalued from £1 = US$2.80 to £1 = US$2.40.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#November", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall in modern-day Bangladesh around high tide, causing $86.4 million in damage (1970 USD, $576 million 2020 USD) and becomes the world's deadliest storm killing over 500,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#November", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The U.S. dollar floods the European currency markets and especially threatens the Deutsche Mark; the central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#May", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – The U.S. dollar is devalued for the second time in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#December", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The United States dollar exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark falls to 1.7079 DM, the all-time low so far; this record is not broken until November 5, 1987.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#December", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Mount Pinatubo erupts, the peak of series of major explosions on June 12–16, in what will be the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; volcano's alert level has been raised to the highest, June 9; Typhoon Yunya further worsens lahar flows and ashfalls causing collapse of roofs on structures that contribute to about 350 of 847 deaths. The eruption costs US$700-million in total damages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369918423#June", "title": "1991 in the Philippines", "revid": 1369918423, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Typhoon Angela leaves the Philippines and Vietnam devastated, with 882 deaths and US$315 million in damage. The typhoon is the strongest to strike the Philippines in 25 years, with wind speeds of 130 mph and gusts of 180 mph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#November", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August", "text": "August - The United States announced sanctions on companies with greater than $40 million (USD) annual investments in Libya or Iran, despite objections from Germany, France, Canada, and the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323164793#Events", "title": "1996 in Libya", "revid": 1323164793, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 18", "text": "18 January: The Argentine peso continues to decline in value against the U.S. dollar, which is a source of concern for both businesses and individuals. There is talk of abandoning the Argentine peso for the US dollar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367748002#January", "title": "1999 in Argentina", "revid": 1367748002, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The United States dollar becomes the official currency of Ecuador, replacing the Ecuadorian sucre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371541477#March", "title": "2000", "revid": 1371541477, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 - The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan shut down the money market in Kabul, Afghanistan to stop a freefall of the Afghani currency. Valued at 55,075 to the U.S. dollar on March 31, by April 19 it traded at 75,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350779858#April", "title": "2000 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1350779858, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 1", "text": "1 November – The privatisation contract of the Petromidia Refinery is approved between Fondul Proprietății de Stat and Rompetrol Group BV Rotterdam for the sum of 615 million USD.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367983749#November", "title": "2000 in Romania", "revid": 1367983749, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Hurricane Iris hits Belize, causing $250 million (2001 USD) in damage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#October", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16: The Inter-American Development Bank forgives US$4.4 billion in debt owed by Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti and Guyana, five of the poorest countries in the Americas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311390839#March", "title": "2007 in Bolivia", "revid": 1311390839, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "7 June 2007 - United States agrees to cancel 100% ($58 million USD) of Sierra Leone's foreign debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267493329#June", "title": "2007 in Sierra Leone", "revid": 1267493329, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8: 2007 Burmese anti-government protests: Burma's junta announces that Buddhist monasteries have accepted US$8000 as well as food and medicine from its soldiers to signify the armed forces have not left the faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311397445#October", "title": "2007 in Myanmar", "revid": 1311397445, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Nude, Green Leaves and Bust by Pablo Picasso sells in New York for US$106.5 million, setting another new world record for a work of art sold at auction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#May", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Three Studies of Lucian Freud, a series of portraits of Lucian Freud by the British painter Francis Bacon, sells for US$142.4 million in a New York City auction, setting a world record for an auctioned work of art.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#November", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11–12 – Version O of Les Femmes d'Alger by Pablo Picasso sells for US$179.3 million at Christie's auction in New York, while the sculpture L'Homme au doigt by Alberto Giacometti sells for US$141.3 million, setting a new world record for a painting and for a sculpture, respectively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#May", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25–30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane, causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area, mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#August", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – The Industrial Bank of Korea agrees to pay US$86 million and will enter a two-year deferred prosecution agreement to settle lawsuits with the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York over a 2011 scheme to help transfer US$1 billion to Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – A US$5 billion class action lawsuit is filed against Alphabet Inc. and Google, alleging the company violates users' right to privacy by tracking them in Chrome's incognito mode.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#June", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador passes legislation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender in the country, becoming the first country to adopt the cryptocurrency alongside the U.S. dollar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#June", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Brazil and China sign an agreement to trade in their own currencies, ceasing the usage of the United States dollar as an intermediary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#March", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#July", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 12", "text": "12 October – International Monetary Fund managing director Kristalina Georgieva confirms that Zambia, the first African nation to default following the COVID-19 pandemic, has agreed to a debt agreement with foreign creditors, concerning US$6.3 billion of its debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274619586#Events", "title": "2023 in Zambia", "revid": 1274619586, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 21", "text": "21 December - Angola leaves OPEC after disagreements about crude oil production quotas. The price of oil falls by over $1 as a result.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1240604444#Events", "title": "2023 in Angola", "revid": 1240604444, "section": "Events"}}]}