{"slug": "turkic-peoples", "label": "Turkic peoples", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83328", "qid": "Q83328", "description": "family of ethnic groups of Eurasia", "entries": 21, "years": 21, "span": [551, 1959], "span_label": ["551 CE", "1959 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Turk people", "Turkic people", "Turkish peoples"], "related": [{"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "baghdad", "label": "Baghdad", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "abbasid-samarra", "label": "Abbasid Samarra", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tulunids", "label": "Tulunids", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "al-mu-tamid", "label": "Al-Mu'tamid", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "november", "label": "November", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hamdanid-dynasty", "label": "Hamdanid dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sayf-al-dawla", "label": "Sayf al-Dawla", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bumin Qaghan, chieftain of the Göktürks, founds the Turkic Khaganate. He unites the local Turkic tribes and throws off the yoke of Rouran domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Asia", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 568, "year_label": "568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751316#Asia", "title": "568", "revid": 1364751316, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After spending nearly a decade with the Khazars (a Turkic tribe which controls a Steppe empire), the deposed emperor Justinian II flees from his exile at Cherson (Crimea). He escapes with help from Busir, ruler (khagan) of the Khazars, who marries him to his sister Theodora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "An Uyghur Turk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued copper coins. Emperor Wenzong hears the news, and is so upset that he not only banishes the general, but attempts to ban all trade between Chinese and foreigners except for goods and livestock. This ban is unsuccessful, and trade with foreigners resumes, especially in maritime affairs overseas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#China", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 836, "year_label": "836 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Driven by tensions between his favoured Turkish guard and the populace of Baghdad, Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim moves his residence to the new city of Samarra, 130 km north of Baghdad. With brief interruptions, the city will remain the seat of the Abbasid caliphs until 892.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350026626#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "836", "revid": 1350026626, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A conspiracy is discovered, led by General Ujayf ibn Anbasa, to assassinate al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment. Ujayf is executed and Al-Abbas put in prison, where he dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 855, "year_label": "855 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256482#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "855", "revid": 1350256482, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 861, "year_label": "861 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Caliph al-Mutawakkil is assassinated by his Turkish guard, starting the period of troubles known as the \"Anarchy at Samarra\" (861–870). He is succeeded by his son Al-Muntasir, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129426#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "861", "revid": 1341129426, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish general, is sent to Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905), and Egypt becomes an autonomous state for the first time since the Ptolemaic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Africa", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Caliph Al-Muhtadi is deposed and killed by the Turks, after a brief reign. He is succeeded by Al-Mu'tamid (son of the late Al-Mutawakkil) as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate, who moves his court to Baghdad. End of the Anarchy at Samarra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 882, "year_label": "882 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Ishaq ibn Kundaj, a Turkic military leader, arrests the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tamid, when the latter (and his followers) try to flee into Tulunid territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345951089#Arabian_Empire", "title": "882", "revid": 1345951089, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – The Fatimid army under Hubasa leaves Alexandria, followed by al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. The Abbasid troops hold Fustat and begin a counter-offensive against the invaders. The Kutama cavalry suffers heavy losses to the Turkish archers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Africa", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January", "text": "January – Emir Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, is murdered by his Turkish slaves. He is succeeded by his brother and general Vushmgir, who is crowned as the new Ziyarid ruler in Rey (modern Iran).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Arabian_Empire", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat the Hamdanid forces in northern Syria. Emir Sayf al-Dawla is forced to retreat – many of his court companions and ghilman fall in pursuit, while over 1,700 of his Turk cavalry are captured and paraded in the streets of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Caliph Al-Aziz Billah dies at Bilbeis in Egypt after a 21-year reign in which he has expanded his Shiite caliphate at the expense of the Byzantines, using Turkish mercenaries (Mamelukes). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate (until 1021).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Africa", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, an informative book written by Mahmud al-Kashgari about the Turks, is presented to the ruler of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Literature", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongol army commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, invades the Principality of Ryazan (with representatives of all four khanates leading some 100,000 Mongol, Turks and Persian forces into Europe). In December, Batu Khan sends envoys to the Rus' court of Grand Prince Yuri Igorevich and demands the submission of the capital Ryazan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1393, "year_label": "1393 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561364#Date_unknown", "title": "1393", "revid": 1369561364, "section": "Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded, by the surrender of Famagusta. Cyprus is established as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, and the first Turkish colony moves into the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#July–September", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – In Kirkuk, a rally to celebrate the first anniversary of the 1958 revolution degenerated into a three-day-long massacre of ethnic Turks by the Kurds. At least 30 people were killed, and over 100 injured. The event was ultimately referred to as the Kirkuk Massacre. On the same day, Iraq became the first Arab nation to appoint a woman to a ministerial post, with Dr. Naziha ad-Dulaimi becoming Minister of Rural Affairs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330597838#July", "title": "1959 in Iraq", "revid": 1330597838, "section": "Events › July"}}]}