{"slug": "thirty-years-war", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487", "qid": "Q2487", "description": "war principally fought in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648", "entries": 86, "years": 27, "span": [1618, 1648], "span_label": ["1618 CE", "1648 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 64}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 17}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "johann-tserclaes-count-of-tilly", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "gustavus-adolphus", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "albrecht-von-wallenstein", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "christian-iv-of-denmark", "label": "Christian IV of Denmark", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "bavaria", "label": "Bavaria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "catholic-league-german", "label": "Catholic League (German)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "nuremberg", "label": "Nuremberg", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "bohemia", "label": "Bohemia", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen hold a mock trial, and throw two direct representatives of Ferdinand II of Germany (Imperial Governors) and their scribe out of a window into a pile of manure, exacerbating a low-key rebellion into the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1621), precipitating the Thirty Years' War into armed conflict, and further polarizing Europe on religious grounds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#April–June", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – The Siege of Pilsen begins as the first major battle of the Thirty Years' War, as Bohemian Protestants lay siege to the Bohemian Catholic city and lasts for more than two months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#July–September", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1619, "year_label": "1619 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Sablat: Protestant forces are defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369562130#April–June", "title": "1619", "revid": 1369562130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1619, "year_label": "1619 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Věstonice – Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369562130#July–September", "title": "1619", "revid": 1369562130, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1619, "year_label": "1619 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369562130#October–December", "title": "1619", "revid": 1369562130, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1619, "year_label": "1619 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Thirty Years' War– Battle of Humenné: Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369562130#October–December", "title": "1619", "revid": 1369562130, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) continues (principally on the territory of modern-day Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#Ongoing", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › Ongoing"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of White Mountain – Catholic Habsburg forces are victorious over Bohemian rebels two hours from Prague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#October–December", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague, as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#April–June", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Neu Titschein: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#July–September", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#October–December", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Thirty Years' War – Skirmish at Mingolsheim: Protestant forces under Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach defeat the Imperial forces under Tilly. The Protestants win, but afterwards Tilly links up with a Spanish army under Gonzalo de Córdoba, greatly increasing his strength.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#April–June", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Thirty Years' War: While waiting for the Protestant forces of Christian the Younger of Brunswick to join them, Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach split up their forces as a diversion for the Imperial army of Tilly. Their plan fails, as Tilly manages to cut off Georg Friedrich at Wimpfen. At the ensuing Battle of Wimpfen, Georg Friedrich's army is almost completely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#April–June", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Thirty Years' War: Imperial forces under Tilly attempt to prevent Christian the Younger of Brunswick from moving his army across the Main River, to link up with Mansfeld. At the Battle of Höchst, Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#April–June", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Thirty Years' War: While on their way to relieve the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in the Netherlands, the army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is blocked by a Spanish army, led by Gonzalo de Córdoba. In the Battle of Fleurus, Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Thirty Years' War: Heidelberg, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, is taken by the Imperial army of Tilly' after a three-month siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Thirty Years' War: Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes Elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#January–March", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Thirty Years' War: Pursued by the army of the Catholic League (German) led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the army of the Protestant Electoral Palatinate led by Christian the Younger of Brunswick attempts to flee to the Dutch Republic. Tilly's army catches Brunswick five miles from the border. In the resulting Battle of Stadtlohn, Christian's army is destroyed. This brings the Palatinate campaign to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#July–September", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#October–December", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "9 December – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340248385#Events", "title": "1625 in Denmark", "revid": 1340248385, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331437647#Events", "title": "1625 in Norway", "revid": 1331437647, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Dessau Bridge – Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Ernst von Mansfelds army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#April–June", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lutter – Tilly defeats King Christian IV of Denmark's army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#July–September", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Thirty Years' War: Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, signs the Capitulation of Franzburg, in which Pomerania is forced to pay for the Imperial army that Wallenstein sent to occupy it. Nonetheless, despite the treaty, Pomerania is devastated by the Imperial troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#October–December", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of its refusal to accept the capitulation of Franzburg, the siege of Stralsund is begun by Field Marshals Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg and Wallenstein's of the Holy Roman Imperial Army, and lasts until August 4.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#April–June", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements, Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#July–September", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wolgast: Wallenstein defeats Christian IV of Denmark's army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#July–September", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Thirty Years' War: Christian IV of Denmark and Albrecht von Wallenstein sign the Treaty of Lübeck, ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#April–June", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 22", "text": "22 May – Christian IV signs the Treaty of Lübeck, bringing an end to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340228569#Events", "title": "1629 in Denmark", "revid": 1340228569, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Thirty Years' War: Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, is expelled by the Catholic League as a result of the Edict of Restitution. He is replaced by the staunch catholic Francis of Wartenberg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#April–June", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Thirty Years' War: Stettin is taken by Swedish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of heavy pressure from the Prince-electors, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, dismisses general Albrecht von Wallenstein from command of the Imperial Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Thirty Years' War: the Treaty of Stettin is signed by Sweden and the Duchy of Pomerania, forming a close alliance between them, as well as giving Sweden full military control over Pomerania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "23 January – Thirty Years' War: France and Sweden sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to maintain an army campaign against northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737050#Events", "title": "1631 in France", "revid": 1353737050, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#April–June", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, an Imperial army under the command of Tilly storms the German city of Magdeburg and brutally sacks it, massacring over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Sweden its ongoing invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349585416#Events", "title": "1631 in Sweden", "revid": 1349585416, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly sacks the Protestant German city of Magdeburg, and massacres over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#April–June", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#April–June", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "30 May – Thirty Years' War: France and Bavaria sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; this is largely negated by autumn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737050#Events", "title": "1631 in France", "revid": 1353737050, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Werben: Tilly defeats Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Breitenfeld: Tilly's Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Breitenfeld, Tilly's imperial army is defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349585416#Events", "title": "1631 in Sweden", "revid": 1349585416, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#October–December", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#October–December", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus invades Bavaria with his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#January–March", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, invades Bavaria with his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Bamberg – Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Catholic League, defeats the Swedish army under Gustav Horn, and recaptures the town of Bamberg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#January–March", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Thirty Years' War: King Gustavus Adolphus makes a triumphant entry into Nuremberg, where he is welcomed by the populace and pledges to protect the cause of Protestantism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#January–March", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf defeats Tilly for the second time within a year at the Battle of Rain. Tilly is severely wounded during the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rain – Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly's Catholic League armies for the second time within a year; Tilly is severely wounded during the battle and dies on April 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#April–June", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Thirty Years' War: Munich, capital of Bavaria, is captured by the Swedish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#April–June", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#July–September", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "9 September – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737061#Events", "title": "1632 in France", "revid": 1353737061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 17", "text": "17 October – the court of Star Chamber prohibits all \"news books\" because of complaints from Spanish and Austrian diplomats that coverage in England of the Thirty Years' War is unfair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370122498#Events", "title": "1632 in England", "revid": 1370122498, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#October–December", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#July–September", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1634, "year_label": "1634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Doubling of the taille (land tax) to finance the Thirty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737084#Undated", "title": "1634 in France", "revid": 1353737084, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Thirty Years' War – The Peace of Prague is signed, which ends the German civil war aspect of the conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#April–June", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thirty Years' War: French intervention starts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#Date_unknown", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Battle of Tornavento is fought in north-west Italy in the course of the Thirty Years' War, as France and Savoy respond to an attack by Spain. While the battle is a stalemate, the city of Castano Primo is heavily damaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#April–June", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 (September 24 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wittstock: A Swedish-allied army defeats a combined Imperial-Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rheinfelden – A mercenary army under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, fighting for France, defeats forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#January–March", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#January–March", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed between France and Sweden by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Queen Christina of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737116#Events", "title": "1638 in France", "revid": 1353737116, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325032125#Events", "title": "1638 in Sweden", "revid": 1325032125, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Thirty Years' War: The siege of Saint-Omer ends after almost two months as the French-held Flemish city falls after being besieged by Spanish and German troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#July–September", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Thirty Years' War: Swedish Army Field Marshal Johan Banér begins a destructive campaign against the Duchy of Pomerania, held by the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#July–September", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – In the Battle of Chemnitz, Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the Holy Roman Empire, prolonging the Thirty Years' War and allowing the Swedes to occupy Pirna and advance into Bohemia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#April–June", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "14 April – Battle of Chemnitz took place near the town of Chemnitz, in what is now eastern Germany, during the Thirty Years' War. Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflicted a crushing defeat on Rodolfo Giovanni Marazzino who commanded the Saxons and an Imperial detachment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302443902#Events", "title": "1639 in Sweden", "revid": 1302443902, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Bavarian and Spanish troops capture the town of Bad Kreuznach during the Thirty Years' War, 17 months after it had been taken in a French and Saxon attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "As part of the Thirty Years' War, Lennart Torstensson, Count of Ortala, led the Swedish army in capturing Olomouc, in the Czech Republic, in June 1642. They destroyed many monuments, including the Hradisko Monastery, and rebuilt the city into a military fortress. Olomouc became the most important stronghold of Sweden during the Habsburg Monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370158494#Events", "title": "1642 in Sweden", "revid": 1370158494, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#April–June", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen – France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#October–December", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#January–March", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Herbsthausen (or Mergentheim): The Bavarian army, led by Franz von Mercy, catches French forces led by Marshal Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne unawares, and heavily defeats them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Continued involvement in the Thirty Years' War", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360608634#Events", "title": "1646 in Sweden", "revid": 1360608634, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#January–March", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 14", "text": "14 March – Thirty Years' War: France, Bavaria, Cologne, and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737215#Events", "title": "1647 in France", "revid": 1353737215, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The last major battle of the Thirty Years' War, the Battle of Prague ends in a Swedish victory after three days of fighting over the army of Bohemia. The troops loot the Prague Castle and steal many of Bohemia's most valuable artifacts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#July–September", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States can personally convert to Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. Prisoners of war should be released and allowed to return to their homelands without ransom after hostilities end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic, or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352360688#Events", "title": "1648 in Sweden", "revid": 1352360688, "section": "Events"}}]}