{"slug": "thirteen-colonies", "label": "Thirteen Colonies", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179997", "qid": "Q179997", "description": "group of 13 North American colonies of Great Britain from the founding of Georgia until American Independence (1732–1776)", "entries": 20, "years": 15, "span": [1656, 1790], "span_label": ["1656 CE", "1790 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "east-india-company", "label": "East India Company", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "north-america", "label": "North America", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rhode-island", "label": "Rhode Island", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "montreal", "label": "Montreal", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "albany-new-york", "label": "Albany, New York", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ohio", "label": "Ohio", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "connecticut", "label": "Connecticut", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "algonquian-peoples", "label": "Algonquian peoples", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constitution-of-the-united-states", "label": "Constitution of the United States", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – The first Jewish doctor in the Thirteen Colonies of America, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "27 July – Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring all goods bound for the American colonies to be sent in English ships from English ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737344#Events", "title": "1663 in England", "revid": 1353737344, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Major John Talcott and his troops begin sweeping Connecticut and Rhode Island, capturing large numbers of Native Americans from Algonquian tribes and exporting them out of the English colonies as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#July–September", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – The first regular newspaper in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America, The Boston News-Letter, is published.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#April–June", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 19", "text": "19 April – the Currency Act passed which prohibits the American colonies from issuing paper currency of any form.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374050715#Events", "title": "1764 in Great Britain", "revid": 1374050715, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first chocolate factory in the Thirteen Colonies is established by Dr. James Baker at Dorchester, Massachusetts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#Date_unknown", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Royal assent is given to the Duties in American Colonies Act 1765, historically referred to as the Stamp Act, imposing the first direct tax levied from Great Britain on the thirteen American colonies, effective November 1. The revenue measure (which requires the purchase of a stamp to be affixed for validation of all legal documents, but also to licensed newspapers and even playing cards and dice) is made to help defray the costs for British military operations in North America, including the French and Indian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#January–March", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The Stamp Act goes into effect in the thirteen American colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#July–December", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and sent to the other Thirteen Colonies. Refusal to revoke the letter will result in dissolution of the Massachusetts Assembly, and (from October) incur the institution of martial law to prevent civil unrest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#January–March", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The American colonies begin their westward expansion, settling Tennessee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349954514#Events", "title": "1769 in Canada", "revid": 1349954514, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "William James of Bailieborough emigrates to the Thirteen Colonies of North America where he will make a great fortune in Albany, New York, and become father of Henry James Sr.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247385598#Events", "title": "1771 in Ireland", "revid": 1247385598, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The crisis of 1772 is triggered when, following the flight of their partner Alexander Fordyce to France, the London banking house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down (which has been speculating in East India Company stock) suspends payment. The resultant panic causes other banks to fail, extends to Scotland, Amsterdam and the Thirteen Colonies and threatens the East India Company with bankruptcy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#April–June", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 10", "text": "10 June – credit crisis of 1772 is triggered when, following the flight of their partner Alexander Fordyce to France, the London banking house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down (which has been speculating in East India Company stock) suspends payment. The resultant panic causes other banks, particularly in Scotland, to fail, extends to Amsterdam and the Thirteen Colonies of British North America, and threatens the East India Company with bankruptcy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835037#Events", "title": "1772 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835037, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Boston Tea Party: A group of American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor, in protest against British tax policies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#October–December", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 16", "text": "16 December – a group of American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor in a protest against British tax policies that became known as the Boston Tea Party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347146307#Events", "title": "1773 in Great Britain", "revid": 1347146307, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean – Battle of Longue-Pointe: Thirteen Colonies revolutionary forces under Maj. Ethan Allen attack Montreal in Quebec, commanded by British General Guy Carleton. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is released.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#July–December", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – American Revolution: Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense, arguing for independence from British rule in the Thirteen Colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#January–February", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – American pioneers establish the town of Marietta (in modern-day Ohio), the first permanent American settlement outside the original Thirteen Colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#April–June", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Rhode Island ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the last of the 13 original states to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#April–June", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}