{"slug": "the-holocaust", "label": "The Holocaust", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763", "qid": "Q2763", "description": "genocide of around 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany, other Axis powers and local collaborators in occupied territories", "entries": 47, "years": 13, "span": [1938, 1994], "span_label": ["1938 CE", "1994 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Holocaust"], "related": [{"slug": "auschwitz-concentration-camp", "label": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "nazism", "label": "Nazism", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "nazi-germany", "label": "Nazi Germany", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cuba", "label": "Cuba", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "florida", "label": "Florida", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "schutzstaffel", "label": "Schutzstaffel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "june", "label": "June", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "buenos-aires", "label": "Buenos Aires", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the \"night of broken glass\" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested). One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#November", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 9", "text": "9 November — Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the \"night of broken glass\" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362709587#Events", "title": "1938 in Germany", "revid": 1362709587, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida; only a few passengers have been allowed to enter Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during The Holocaust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#June", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of the passengers later die in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362076407#June", "title": "1939 in the United States", "revid": 1362076407, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Holocaust: The Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest of the German concentration camps, opens in occupied Poland, near the town of Oświęcim. From now on until January 1945, around 1.1 million people will be killed here.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#May", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – WWII: The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders S.S. General Reinhard Heydrich to \"submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#July", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The Holocaust: Units of the Wehrmacht and the Einsatzgruppen (as part of Operation Barbarossa) start killing Jewish children, signalling the start of the Jewish Genocide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#August", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – The Holocaust: SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch first uses the pesticide Zyklon B to execute Soviet prisoners of war en masse at Auschwitz concentration camp; eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#September", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29–30 – The Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre – German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews in Kyiv.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#September", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – The Holocaust: In Berdychiv (Ukraine), 20–30,000 Jews are shot dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#October", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – The Holocaust: In Slonim (Byelorussian SSR), German forces engaged in Operation Barbarossa murder 9,000 Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#November", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Holocaust: The Nazi German Chełmno extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof) and the first mass gassing of Jews begins here when the SS use gas vans to murder people from the Łódź Ghetto. Between December 1941–April 1943 and June 1944–January 1945, at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The Holocaust: The Stanisławów Ghetto is established in German-occupied Poland, initially with 20,000 Jews crowded inside; by Spring 1943 it will be pronounced Judenfrei (free of Jews).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – The Holocaust: Nazis at the Wannsee Conference convened by Reinhard Heydrich in Berlin decide that the \"Final Solution (Endlösung) to the Jewish problem\" is deportations to extermination camps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#January", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – The Holocaust: Dünamünde Action – 1,900 central European Jews are shot dead north east of Riga, 1,840 are killed on the 26th.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#March", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 17", "text": "17 March — Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Belzec opens in occupied Poland about 1 km south of the local railroad station of Belzec in the Lublin district of the General Government. Between March 1942 and December 1942, at least 434,508 people were killed there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370680952#Events", "title": "1942 in Germany", "revid": 1370680952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April", "text": "April — Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibor opens in occupied Poland on the outskirts of the village of Sobibór. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people were killed in the camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370680952#Events", "title": "1942 in Germany", "revid": 1370680952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April", "text": "The Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibór opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Sobibór. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#April", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Holocaust: Construction of the Nazi German extermination camp Treblinka II commences in occupied Poland near the village of Treblinka. Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed here, more than 800,000 of whom are Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#April", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Holocaust: Inmates of Westerbork transit camp in the occupied Netherlands begin to be shipped to Nazi extermination camps. From now until 1944 around 107,000, mostly Jewish, from here will be killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#July", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The Holocaust: By order of the Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers round-up 13,000–20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#July", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – The Holocaust: Nazi official August Frank issues the August Frank memorandum, setting out how the belongings of \"evacuated\" (i.e. murdered) Jews are to be disposed of.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#September", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#October", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – The Holocaust: The Polish government-in-exile sends copies of The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, including Raczyński's Note, the first official report on The Holocaust, to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#December", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Allies issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations (as the answer to Raczyński's Note), the first time they publicly acknowledge the Holocaust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#December", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The Holocaust: Round up of Marseille begins – Over 4,000 Jews are arrested in Nazi-occupied Marseille as part of \"Action Tiger\", before being transported to extermination camps in Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#January", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins when Nazi troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up remaining Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#April", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 24", "text": "24 May – Holocaust: Josef Mengele becomes the chief medical officer of Auschwitz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373073497#Events", "title": "1943 in Germany", "revid": 1373073497, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – The Holocaust: Josef Mengele begins his position as a medical officer in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#May", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June (late) – The Holocaust: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in occupied Poland (for gassing at Sobibór), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis make efforts to obliterate the site.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#June", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – The Holocaust: Jedwabne pogrom – At least 340 Polish Jews are marched to a local barn, locked inside and subsequently burned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#July", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3–4 – The Holocaust: Aktion Erntefest (\"Operation Harvest Festival\") – The largest single day massacre of Jews in the entire war takes place when over 43,000 Jews are murdered by the SS, the Ordnungspolizei and the \"Trawniki men\" in Sonderdienst formations at the Majdanek, Trawniki and Poniatowa concentration camps in the General Government territory of occupied Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – The Holocaust: Inmates of Janowska concentration camp, near Lwów (at this time in German-occupied Poland), stage a failed uprising, after which the SS liquidates the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#November", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Holocaust: Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from Auschwitz concentration camp; on April 25–27 they prepare the Vrba–Wetzler report, one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#April", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15–July 8 – The Holocaust: Hungarian Jews are deported to Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#May", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September", "text": "The Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving 3 days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The Holocaust: Members of the Sonderkommando – a special detachment of Jewish prisoners who are forced to empty the gas chambers after a mass gassing and undertake the burning of the bodies – organises the only armed revolt that ever takes place in Auschwitz concentration camp. They succeed in destroying the gas chambers and Crematorium IV. The Waffen-SS murders more than 450 prisoners who take part in the revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#October", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Holocaust/Porajmos: 800 Romani children are systematically murdered at the Auschwitz concentration camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#October", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The Holocaust: The SS begins the evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp. Nearly 60,000 prisoners, mostly Jews, are forced to march to other locations in Germany; as many as 15,000 die. The 7,000 too sick to move are left without supplies being distributed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#January", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – A Holocaust death march from Dachau to the Austrian border is halted under two kilometers west of Waakirchen by the segregated, all-Nisei 522nd Field Artillery Battalion of the U.S. Army in southern Bavaria, saving several hundred prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#May", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – The Holocaust: Kraków pogrom – Róża Berger is shot dead by Polish militia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#August", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – The ship Exodus leaves France for Palestine, with 4,500 Jewish Holocaust survivor refugees on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#July", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 21", "text": "21 May – An El Al flight took off from Buenos Aires at 12:05 a.m., with kidnapped Nazi fugitive Adolf Eichmann safely on board, to face trial for the Holocaust in Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318405840#Events", "title": "1960 in Israel", "revid": 1318405840, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Adolf Eichmann is pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity for his part in The Holocaust by a war crimes tribunal of three Israeli judges. On December 15 he is sentenced to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#December", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 15", "text": "15 December – An Israeli war crimes tribunal sentences Adolf Eichmann to death for his part in The Holocaust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249511668#Events", "title": "1961 in Israel", "revid": 1249511668, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 31", "text": "31 May – Adolf Eichmann (born 1906), German Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust, executed in prison at Ramla, Israel", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291856070#Notable_deaths", "title": "1962 in Israel", "revid": 1291856070, "section": "Notable deaths"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – The 66th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Steven Spielberg's Holocaust drama Schindler's List wins seven Oscars including Best Picture and Best Director (Spielberg).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#March", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › March"}}]}