{"slug": "tallinn", "label": "Tallinn", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770", "qid": "Q1770", "description": "capital and most populous city of Estonia", "entries": 28, "years": 24, "span": [1154, 2007], "span_label": ["1154 CE", "2007 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Reval"], "related": [{"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "livonian-crusade", "label": "Livonian Crusade", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hanseatic-league", "label": "Hanseatic League", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "riga", "label": "Riga", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "livonian-brothers-of-the-sword", "label": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "finland", "label": "Finland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "red-army", "label": "Red Army", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gulf-of-finland", "label": "Gulf of Finland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "livonian-order", "label": "Livonian Order", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is first marked on the world map by Muhammad al-Idrisi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Europe", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1207, "year_label": "1207 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising modern-day Estonia and Latvia, is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. During its existence there is a constant struggle over supremacy between the lands ruled by the Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348494398#Europe", "title": "1207", "revid": 1348494398, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Livonian Crusade: Danish Crusaders led by King King Valdemar II (the Victorious), conquer Tallinn in the Battle of Lyndanisse. What is to become the flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of Danish Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Europe", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Tallinn: An Estonian Crusader army tries to conquer the Danish stronghold of Tallinn with the help of Revalians, Harrians and Vironians. They besiege the stronghold for 14 days but finally retreat their forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Europe", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Livonian Crusade: The Estonians revolt against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and Denmark, and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for Tallinn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Europe", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ice from mainland Estonia, and defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the Battle of Muhu and the siege of the Valjala Stronghold in the Saaremaa islands. This marks the end of the Estonian campaign in the Livonian Crusade. The Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia, and Tallinn is given town rights under Riga law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Europe", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1468, "year_label": "1468 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Hanseatic warship Hanneke Vrome capsizes and sinks off of the coast of Finland, killing its estimated 180 passengers and crew, along with a valuable cargo including 10,000 Rheingulden coins, equivalent to at least 34,000 kg of gold. The ship had been sailing between the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck (in Germany) and Reval (now Tallinn, capital of Estonia) when it ran into a gale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561306#October–December", "title": "1468", "revid": 1369561306, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The earliest (partially) preserved printed book in Estonian, a Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg, for use in Tallinn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#Date_unknown", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The nobility of Harrien-Wierland and the town of Reval (on June 6) of the Livonian Order swear allegiance to Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#April–June", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "At the request of the citizens of Reval, Eric XIV bans all trade with Narva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341553083#Events", "title": "1562 in Sweden", "revid": 1341553083, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Gustav Adolf Secondary School is founded in Tallinn, Estonia by the king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349585416#Events", "title": "1631 in Sweden", "revid": 1349585416, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Estonia: the Swedish garrison in Reval (Tallinn) surrenders, ending Swedish rule in Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, began in Tallinn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#July–September", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#August", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Russian Revolution of 1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on a meeting at a street market in Tallinn, Governorate of Estonia, killing 94 and injuring over 200 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#October", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 (N.S.) (October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in Tallinn, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the October Revolution in Petrograd.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#November", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "17 February - beginning of the Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet, transferring Russian ships from Reval and Helsingfors to Kronstadt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367979058#January–March", "title": "1918 in Russia", "revid": 1367979058, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19–25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#February", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Estonian War of Independence: With Soviet Russian forces just 40 km outside of the capital Tallinn, Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the Red Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – WWII: Orzeł incident: Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escapes internment from Tallinn Harbour, Estonia, leading both the Soviet Union and Germany to question Estonia's neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#September", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn, Estonia, killing 757 and leaving 25,000 homeless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#March", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – After German forces declare the evacuation of Estonia the day before, the Estonian national government briefly resumes control of Tallinn before the Soviet advance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – WWII: The Red Army captures Tallinn, Estonia. Prime Minister in Duties of the President of Estonia Jüri Uluots and 80,000 Estonian civilians manage to escape to Sweden and Germany. The evacuees include almost the entire population of Estonian Swedes. Soviet bombing raids on the evacuating ships sink several, with thousands on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Russian Cultural Center (Estonia) in Tallinn was opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341428360#Events", "title": "1954 in Estonia", "revid": 1341428360, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Singing Revolution: After 44 years, the Estonian flag is raised at the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#February", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 10", "text": "10 August – A Sikorsky S-76 helicopter of the Finnish company Copterline has crashed into the Gulf of Finland near Estonia's capital Tallinn with 14 on board; eight Finns, four Estonians and two Americans. There are no survivors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368628700#Events", "title": "2005 in Finland", "revid": 1368628700, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26–27 – \"Bronze Night\": Ethnic Russian riot in Tallinn and other cities in Estonia against the moving of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, a Soviet World War II memorial statue. 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia begin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#April", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › April"}}]}