{"slug": "sinai-peninsula", "label": "Sinai Peninsula", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36755", "qid": "Q36755", "description": "peninsula in the Red Sea", "entries": 19, "years": 13, "span": [-454, 1985], "span_label": ["455 BCE", "1985 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Sinai Desert", "Sinai desert", "Sinai peninsula"], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "suez-canal", "label": "Suez Canal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jordan", "label": "Jordan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nile-delta", "label": "Nile Delta", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "qalawun", "label": "Qalawun", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hebrew-calendar", "label": "Hebrew calendar", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under Queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saint Catherine's Monastery is established in the Sinai Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Religion", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Arabian_Empire", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the occupation of the Sinai Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#April", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 12", "text": "12 May – First patrol by the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in the Sinai desert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359007009#Events", "title": "1916 in New Zealand", "revid": 1359007009, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement between Israel, France and the United Kingdom, is signed, allowing the former to invade the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and occupy the Suez Canal with the support of the other two governments, giving rise to the Suez Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and pushes Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#January", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "22 January – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on 29 October 1956 during the Suez Crisis), keeping forces in the Gaza Strip and along the eastern shore of the peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300445#Events", "title": "1957 in Israel", "revid": 1363300445, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 15", "text": "15 May – In the midst of Israel's Independence Day celebrations, Egyptian ground forces cross the Suez Canal and enter the Sinai peninsula. This move led Israel to an emergency state, known as the \"waiting period\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318390395#Events", "title": "1967 in Israel", "revid": 1318390395, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in the Sinai. U.N. Secretary-General U Thant complies (May 18).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#May", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. There are 108 fatalities, and only five people on board survive (one crew member and four passengers).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#February", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Yom Kippur War begins: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#October", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "6 October – Yom Kippur War: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egypt and Syria initiate a surprise attack on Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Hebrew calendar. Jordan, Iraq and other Arab nations support the Epyptian-Syrian war effort but do not take part in the conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357086798#Events", "title": "1973 in Israel", "revid": 1357086798, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 25", "text": "25 November – Israeli Air Force C-130H 203/4X-FBO, c/n 4533, crashes into mount Jebel Halal, 55 kilometers south-southeast of El Arish, in the Israeli-administered Sinai Peninsula. Pilots were Shaul Bustan and Uri Manor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314998351#Events", "title": "1975 in Israel", "revid": 1314998351, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#April", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – Arrow Air Flight 1285R, a Douglas DC-8, crashes after takeoff from Gander, Newfoundland, killing 256 people – 248 of whom were U.S. servicemen returning to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, after overseeing a peacekeeping force in the Sinai Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#December", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › December"}}]}