{"slug": "sea-of-marmara", "label": "Sea of Marmara", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35367", "qid": "Q35367", "description": "inland sea, entirely within the borders of Turkey", "entries": 21, "years": 21, "span": [-409, 1975], "span_label": ["410 BCE", "1975 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Marmara Sea", "Propontis", "Sea of Marmora"], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-navy", "label": "Byzantine navy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "greek-fire", "label": "Greek fire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "slavs", "label": "Slavs", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cyzicus", "label": "Cyzicus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -409, "year_label": "410 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). As a result of its victory in the Battle of Cyzicus, Athens regains control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239404382#Greece", "title": "410 BC", "revid": 1239404382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus arrives at the Propontis and tries to negotiate an alliance with Byzantium, but the city, at the urging of Lysimachus, remains neutral; without it Antigonus gives up on the idea of crossing over into Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Greece/Macedon/Thrace", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Greece/Macedon/Thrace"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip begins attacking the lands of Rhodes' allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 277, "year_label": "277 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), and through the provinces of Thrace, Moesia, and Pannonia to defeat the Goths along the lower Danube. He acquires from the troops the title of Gothicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077895#Roman_Empire", "title": "277", "revid": 1267077895, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m), disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 512, "year_label": "512 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I constructs a wall from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, to protect Constantinople from raiding Bulgars and Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "512", "revid": 1369170659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The 542 Sea of Marmara earthquake takes place in the winter of 542, in the vicinity of the Sea of Marmara. It also affects the coasts of Thrace and the Edremit Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: The Arab fleet dominates the Aegean Sea and conquers the strategic islands, Rhodes, Cos and Chios. The shore on the southern part of Sea of Marmara is taken, providing an excellent base at Cyzicus to begin the blockade of Constantinople by sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Constantinople: The Arab fleet enters the Sea of Marmara and appears before the southern walls of Constantinople, in an attempt to blockade the Byzantine capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – A Muslim armada, consisting of 1,800 ships commanded by Admiral Suleiman, sails into the Sea of Marmara and drops anchor below the sea walls of Constantinople, to supply their forces ashore. Leo III orders the Byzantine fleet to sally forth from their protected harbors with Greek fire, setting alight the thickly-packed Muslim ships. Many vessels burst into flames, while others collide with each other before sinking.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A Muslim supply fleet of 760 ships under Sufyan arrives from Egypt and North Africa, concealing itself along the Asiatic shore. The Byzantines learn of the fleet's location from defecting Christian Egyptian sailors. Emperor Leo III sends the Byzantine navy again; his Greek fire ships destroy the enemy vessels in the Sea of Marmara and seize their supplies on shore, denying the sieging army vital provisions. On land the Byzantine troops ambush an advancing Arab army, and destroy it in the hills around Sophon, south of Nicomedia (modern Turkey). The Arab besiegers are still suffering from hunger and pestilence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus, and starts pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch Photios I urges his flock to implore the Theotokos to save the Byzantine capital. Having devastated the suburbs, the Rus' Vikings pass into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Isles of the Princes, plundering the local monasteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I (the Great), ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches a campaign at the head of a large Bulgarian army, and reaches Constantinople unopposed. The Bulgarians besiege the Byzantine capital and construct ditches from the Golden Horn to the Golden Gate at the Marmara Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Romanos IV Diogenes, deposed ruler of the Byzantine Empire, is blinded and sent into exile to the island of Proti (in the Sea of Marmara) at the Monastery of Transfiguration. A few days before his death, he receives a letter from Michael Psellos (his political advisor), congratulating him on the loss of his eyes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August", "text": "August–October – Alexios IV leads a Crusader expedition (some 6,000 men) to extend his central-government control, against the fugitive Alexios III in Thrace. Meanwhile, a Crusader fleet operates in the Sea of Marmara in support of the Thracian campaign. The Crusaders seize several towns, including Adrianople, while Alexios escapes and withdraws to Macedonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March", "text": "c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#March", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 30", "text": "30 April – Australian submarine AE2 sunk in Sea of Marmara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370700235#Events", "title": "1915 in Australia", "revid": 1370700235, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 12", "text": "12 December – The MV Salvador carrying some 327 Bulgarian Jewish refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe to Palestine, is wrecked in a violent storm in the Sea of Marmora, near Istanbul; 204 passengers including 66 children are drowned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367331152#Events", "title": "1940 in Mandatory Palestine", "revid": 1367331152, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – Turkish Airlines Flight 345 crashes in Marmara Sea due to airport infrastructure problems.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275284535#Events", "title": "1975 in Turkey", "revid": 1275284535, "section": "Events"}}]}