{"slug": "saracen", "label": "Saracen", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105763", "qid": "Q105763", "description": "Medieval European term for Muslims and/or people who lived in desert areas, specifically Arabia", "entries": 43, "years": 42, "span": [377, 1442], "span_label": ["377 CE", "1442 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 29}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Saracens"], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "emirate-of-crete", "label": "Emirate of Crete", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "southern-italy", "label": "Southern Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "garigliano", "label": "Garigliano", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "lerins-abbey", "label": "Lérins Abbey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "arab-muslims", "label": "Arab Muslims", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bari", "label": "Bari", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "muslim-sicily", "label": "Muslim Sicily", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "republic-of-pisa", "label": "Republic of Pisa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "benedictines", "label": "Benedictines", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "piracy", "label": "Piracy", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under Queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths, supported by the Huns, move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Mavia, with her Saracen forces, defeats the Roman army in southern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens, who found spinach originally in Persia (modern Iran), introduce the plant to Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Agriculture", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By topic › Agriculture"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Europe", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Battle of Thasos: Saracens from the newly founded Emirate of Crete almost annihilate the Byzantine fleet at Thasos, close to the coast of Thrace. The Cyclades and other islands in the Aegean Sea are pillaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a severe defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force, to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Byzantine expedition, led by Theoktistos, conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Arabian_Empire", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "A Saracen Arab expeditionary force from Africa, consisting of 11,000 men and 500 horses, raid the outskirts of Rome, sacking the basilicas of Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Outside the Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Arabian_Empire", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens, under the Berber leader Kalfun, capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of the Emirate of Bari, and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with raids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Europe", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 848, "year_label": "848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Saracens conquer Ragusa (Sicily), after its Byzantine garrison is forced by severe famine to surrender. The city and its castle are razed to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129160#Europe", "title": "848", "revid": 1341129160, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Ostia: A Saracen Arab fleet from Sardinia sets sail towards Rome. In response, Pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, including Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta, led by Admiral Caesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port of Ostia — and repels the Saracen marauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of the Aghlabids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Europe", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Bardas, the regent of the Byzantine Empire, is murdered by Basil the Macedonian at Miletus, while conducting a large-scale expedition against the Saracen stronghold of Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Basil I allies with the Frankish emperor Louis II against the Saracens. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 400 ships (according to the Annales Bertiniani), under the command of Admiral Niketas Ooryphas, to support Louis (who is besieging the city port of Bari) and to clear the south of the Adriatic Sea of Muslim raiders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – After his successful campaign against the Saracens, Louis II is crowned as Roman Emperor (\"Emperor of the Franks\") for the second time and converts the Muwalladun, and the Arab elite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Europe", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A ship carrying about twenty Arab freebooters, from Pechina in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), sets anchor in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at Fraxinet (modern-day La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of Saracen adventurers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Docibilis I of Gaeta and his Saracen mercenaries attack Capua, in vain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Sack of Thessalonica: A Muslim fleet, led by the Greek renegade Leo of Tripoli, appears outside Thessalonica and begins its attack after a short and silent inspection of the fortification of the city. After attacks from the sea for two days, the Saracens are able to storm the city walls, overcome the Thessalonians' resistance and capture the city. The sacking continues for a full week, before the raiders depart for their base in the Levant. Having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners and captured 60 ships, gaining a large loot, they carry off 22,000 men and women as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 908, "year_label": "908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Duke Atenulf I (the Great) of Benevento attacks the Saracens at the Garigliano River, with the assistance of Naples and Amalfi. Crossing the river, Atenulf defeats an Arab army and reaches the walls of their fortified camp. However, the sudden withdrawal of the Neapolitans renders the siege useless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468131#Europe", "title": "908", "revid": 1364468131, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Saracens from Garigliano establish advanced strongholds in Lazio at Trevi (in the Sabine Hills, near Palestrina) and Sutri. From here, they encroach on the papal cities of Orte, Narni and Nepi with impunity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Europe", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 915, "year_label": "915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League, personally led by Pope John X, lays siege to Garigliano (a fortified Arab camp in the area of Minturno), which is blockaded from the sea by the Byzantine navy. After three months of siege, plagued by hunger, the Saracens decide to break out of Garigliano and find their way back to Sicily by any means possible. Christian hunting parties fall on the fleeing Arabs, and all are captured and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130780#Europe", "title": "915", "revid": 1341130780, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Constantine Gongyles attempts to re-conquer the Emirate of Crete from the Saracens. The expedition ends in a disastrous failure; the Byzantine camp is destroyed in a surprise attack. Gongyles himself barely escapes on his flagship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Europe", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 964, "year_label": "964 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24–25 – Siege of Rometta: Nikephoros II sends an expedition to Sicily. The Byzantine army (40,000 men) is sent to break the Muslim siege at Rometta, and to regain Sicily for the Byzantine Empire. For two days a battle takes place in the area between the beach and the besieged citadel of Rometta. The Saracens (under Al-Hasan ibn Ammar) manage to defeat the Byzantine relief force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353633013#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "964", "revid": 1353633013, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto II departs with an expeditionary force from Rome, and invades Apulia (Southern Italy) to punish the Saracens. He demands a fleet from Pisa, and imposes a trade embargo against Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 982, "year_label": "982 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 (or 14) – Battle of Stilo: Abu'l-Qasim is cornered by the imperial German forces led by Otto II at Cape Colonna (south of Crotone). After a violent clash, the German heavy cavalry destroys the Muslim centre, killing al-Qasim in the initial fighting. The Saracens hold together and draw Otto into a trap, encircling and defeating his forces (killing around 4,000 men).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468335#Europe", "title": "982", "revid": 1364468335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1004, "year_label": "1004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Venetian-Byzantine forces defeat the Saracens at Bari. The citadel is on the brink of capitulation after a 3 day siege. Giovanni, a son of Doge Pietro Orseolo II, is married to the Byzantine princess Maria Argyra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369529611#Europe", "title": "1004", "revid": 1369529611, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Republic of Pisa conducts a military offensive against the Saracen strongholds in Southern Italy. The Pisan fleet sacks the city of Reggio Calabria. Pisa becomes one of the four commercial Maritime Republics (the other three are Genoa, Venice and Amalfi), which fight each other for control of the Mediterranean Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#Europe", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – An Arab Saracen fleet appears before Pisa, but departs again. The Pisans take their fleet to sea and chase the Arabs down to Southern Italy where, in the Battle of Reggio Calabria, the Pisan fleet defeats the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Europe", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roger I of Tosny, a Norman nobleman, leaves the battlefield of the Ebro Valley after terrorising the Saracens and capturing several towns and castles during the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Europe", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1035, "year_label": "1035 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Pisa launches a naval assault against Saracen pirate strongholds in the Lipari Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362167727#Europe", "title": "1035", "revid": 1362167727, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1060, "year_label": "1060 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549974#Europe", "title": "1060", "revid": 1368549974, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1061, "year_label": "1061 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Norman forces led by Duke Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade Sicily. They land unseen during the night and surprise the Saracen army. Guiscard conquers Messina and marches into central Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371210530#Europe", "title": "1061", "revid": 1371210530, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Pisan fleet assaults and sacks Palermo (controlled by the Saracens) – this in support of the Norman forces of Roger I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Europe", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates raid the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Europe", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#Europe", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1178, "year_label": "1178 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the Cistercian monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands, and the city of Toulon, killing an estimated 300 and taking captives. The surviving captives are freed from the Balearic Islands in 1185.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170417#Europe", "title": "1178", "revid": 1362170417, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1197, "year_label": "1197 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat, on the Lérins Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224721#Europe", "title": "1197", "revid": 1371224721, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships \"to resist the Saracens by sea\", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Europe", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Pope Eugene IV issues the papal bull Illius qui se pro divini granting full remission of sins to any Christian who had participated in the Crusades by Prince Henry the Navigator against the Saracens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#October–December", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}