{"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34266", "qid": "Q34266", "description": "former empire in Eurasia and North America (1721–1917)", "entries": 127, "years": 89, "span": [1555, 1917], "span_label": ["1555 CE", "1917 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 65}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 32}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 10}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Empire of Russia", "Imperial Russia"], "related": [{"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-prussia", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-ireland", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "saint-petersburg", "label": "Saint Petersburg", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "qing-dynasty", "label": "Qing dynasty", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "austria-hungary", "label": "Austria-Hungary", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "austrian-empire", "label": "Austrian Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "prussia", "label": "Prussia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "catherine-the-great", "label": "Catherine the Great", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "manchuria", "label": "Manchuria", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "11 March - The Russo-Swedish War (1554–57): the Russian Empire breaks its 1537 treaty by attacking Sweden, which results in the Russian defeat at the Battle of Kivinebb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338551915#Events", "title": "1555 in Sweden", "revid": 1338551915, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – The Swedish ambassador Fritz Cronman arrives in Moscow to represent the Swedish Empire at the court of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344810411#Events", "title": "1668 in Sweden", "revid": 1344810411, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – The Treaty of Bakhchisarai is signed, between the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#January–March", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Great Turkish War: Battle of Buda – Imperial forces of the Holy League of 1684 (Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria under Austrian leadership) liberate Buda (now part of Budapest) from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in Hungary during subsequent years).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#October–December", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – Charles XII of Sweden and his coalition of troops begin crossing the first line of defense of the Russian Empire, the Vistula River, in their attempt to conquer Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#October–_December", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Great Hatred: the Cossacks of the Russian Empire kill about 800 people overnight on the Finnish island of Hailuoto.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333424383#Events", "title": "1714 in Russia", "revid": 1333424383, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave, at Leiden University.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#Date_unknown", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – The Silent Sejm, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, marks the beginning of the Russian Empire's increasing influence and control over the Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#October_–December", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January", "text": "January – The Estates of the Realm is assembled. The party in favor of naming Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp as heir to the throne is strengthened, supported by the Empire of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344670134#Events", "title": "1723 in Sweden", "revid": 1344670134, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Peterhof Palace is opened in a formal ceremony just outside Saint Petersburg, capital of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#July–September", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 21", "text": "21 September: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943149#Events", "title": "1723 in Russia", "revid": 1330943149, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – The Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#January–March", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The coronation of Peter II as the Tsar of the Russian Empire takes place in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#January–March", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Treaty of Kyakhta is signed at the border city of Kyakhta, between Russia and China, by representatives of the Tsar Peter II, and the Emperor Yongzheng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#April–June", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Russia and Persia sign the Treaty of Riascha at Resht. Based on the terms of the agreement, Russia will no longer establish claims over Persian territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#January–March", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Sweden form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against the Empire of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352572536#Events", "title": "1739 in Sweden", "revid": 1352572536, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "15 June - Alexey Bestuzhev is appointed Grand Chancellor of the Russian Empire, consolidating control over Russian foreign policy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943077#Events", "title": "1744 in Russia", "revid": 1330943077, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July - The Empire of Russia agree to recall their troops from Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279556761#Events", "title": "1744 in Sweden", "revid": 1279556761, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Great Britain, Russia and the Dutch Republic sign the Convention of Saint Petersburg (1747).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#July–September", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – A fire destroys 13,000 houses in Moscow in the Russian Empire, only 11 days after a May 23 fire destroyed 5,000 homes; by June 6, two-thirds of the city has been damaged or destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The town of Gus-Khrustalny is established in Russia, with the setting up of a crystal glass factory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#Date_unknown", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Zorndorf: Frederick halts the Russian army of Count Wilhelm Fermor near the Oder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366206062#July–September", "title": "1758", "revid": 1366206062, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Seven Years' War: Russian troops enter Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#October–December", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – The Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire sign a new treaty of alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#April–June", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "1 April — The Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire sign a treaty of alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370652671#Events", "title": "1761 in Russia", "revid": 1370652671, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Peter III succeeds Empress Elisabeth of Russia. Peter immediately opens peace negotiations with Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942989#Events", "title": "1762 in Russia", "revid": 1330942989, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Empress Elisabeth of Russia dies, and is succeeded by her nephew Peter III. Peter, an admirer of Frederick the Great, immediately opens peace negotiations with the Prussians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#January–March", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 (April 24 O.S.) – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg ends the war between Russia and Prussia, and returns all of Russia's territorial conquests to the Prussians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#April–June", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) ends the war between Russia and the Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942989#Events", "title": "1762 in Russia", "revid": 1330942989, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Russian Empress Catherine II issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce vodka (by freezing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#July–December", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – With Russian troops occupying the nation, opposition legislators of the national legislature having been deported, the government of Poland signs a treaty virtually turning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a protectorate of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369390957#January–March", "title": "1768", "revid": 1369390957, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga: The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna (July 8), the crowd attacks the Greek community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including \"3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#July–_September", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Battle of Lanckorona: A force of 4,000 Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat a Polish formation of 1,300 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#April–June", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 12", "text": "12 October - Count Mikhail Miloradovich, Russian general of Serbian origin, prominent during the Napoleonic Wars. (d. 1825)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942931#Births", "title": "1771 in Russia", "revid": 1330942931, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The First Partition of Poland is agreed to by Russia and Prussia, later including Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#January–March", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emelian Pugachev starts Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia, attacking and occupying Samara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#Date_unknown", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mobilization of the army in the province of Finland because of a feared attack from the Empire of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890362#Events", "title": "1773 in Sweden", "revid": 1352890362, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560805#July–September", "title": "1774", "revid": 1369560805, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Foundation of the ballet troupe which becomes the world-renowned Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#March–April", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The Treaty of Aynalıkavak is signed between Ottoman Turkey and the Russian Empire, regarding the Crimean Khanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#January–March", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – The First League of Armed Neutrality is formed by Russia with Denmark and Sweden to try to prevent the British Royal Navy from searching neutral vessels for contraband (February 28 O.S.).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370564554#January–March", "title": "1780", "revid": 1370564554, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Saint Petersburg, Russia has 300,000 inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#Date_unknown", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Sevastopol is founded on the Crimean Peninsula of the Russian Empire, by Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#Date_unknown", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#April–June", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, making Georgia a protectorate of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#July–September", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#January–March", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – The Empress Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for \"a coherent, unified system of administration\" for new governments organized in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#April–June", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – The Treaty of Drottningholm is signed between the Russian Empire and Sweden establishing an alliance between the two.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365416177#October–December", "title": "1791", "revid": 1365416177, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Pale of Settlement is established by ukase of Catherine the Great, specifying those areas of the Russian Empire in which Jews are permitted permanent residency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365416177#October–December", "title": "1791", "revid": 1365416177, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#January–March", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Second Partition of Poland: The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partition the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Tadeusz Kościuszko makes his proclamation starting the Kościuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussian Partition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – Battle of Racławice: Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising defeat forces of the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17–19 – Kościuszko Uprising – Warsaw Uprising: The Polish people overthrow the Russian garrison in Warsaw.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13–September 6 – Kościuszko Uprising: Siege of Warsaw – The Polish people resist a siege by armies of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#July–September", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Maciejowice: Forces of the Russian Empire defeat Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising; Tadeusz Kościuszko is wounded and captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#October–December", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Third Partition of Poland is made, dividing the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland between the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia and the Russian Empire. On November 25, Stanisław August Poniatowski formally abdicates as last King of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#July–December", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The Treaty of the Third Partition of Poland is signed in St. Petersburg by the Russian Empire, Austria and the Kingdom of Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#January–March", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "26 January – The Treaty of the Third Partition of Poland is signed in St. Petersburg by the Russian Empire, Austria and the Kingdom of Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360246264#Events", "title": "1797 in Germany", "revid": 1360246264, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Golymin – Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces, under Marshal Murat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – Napoleon leads the forces of the French Empire in an invasion of the Russian Empire, and begins fighting at the Battle of Eylau against Russian and Prussian forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#January–March", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the future Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of constitutional laws, which had, effectively, established Finland as a separate state in real union with Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Saint Petersburg main military engineering school becomes the first engineering higher learning institution in the Russian Empire, after the addition of officers' classes, and the application of a five-year term of teaching.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942754#Events", "title": "1810 in Russia", "revid": 1330942754, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – The Russian Empire removes Anton II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, from his office, placing a Russian-appointed bishop at the head of the Georgian church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#July–September", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Russian field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) and annexing Bessarabia to Imperial Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#April–June", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 - The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, establishing peace between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, following the Ottoman's defeat in multiple battles in eighth Russo-Turkish War. This also established the basis for future Russia–Turkey relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942748#Events", "title": "1812 in Russia", "revid": 1330942748, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#November", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov is appointed as Governor-General of Novorossiya (New Russia), the portion of Russian Empire bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of Ukraine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#April–June", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1829, "year_label": "1829 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371400114#January–March", "title": "1829", "revid": 1371400114, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#July–September", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1833, "year_label": "1833 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi creates an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983797#July–September", "title": "1833", "revid": 1369983797, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, opens between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Tsarskoye Selo (modern-day Pushkin), engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360323585#October–December", "title": "1837", "revid": 1360323585, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The United Kingdom, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#Date_unknown", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331898225#Events", "title": "1840 in Germany", "revid": 1331898225, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – The Georgian province of Guria revolts against the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#April–June", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#October–December", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Russian Empire changes its flag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#Date_unknown", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Aigun, unequal treaty between the Russian Empire, and the empire of the Qing Dynasty that reversing the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Mountains and the Amur River from China (Qing Empire) to the Russian Empire establishing much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria (the original homeland of the Manchu people and the Qing Dynasty), which is now known as Northeast China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311390586#Events", "title": "1858 in China", "revid": 1311390586, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May–July – Mahtra War: Peasants in the Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire revolt against ongoing serfdom, which was officially abolished in 1816.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#April–June", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 - The Treaty of Aigun is signed by Yishan and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#April–June", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 - Treaty of Aigun between the Russian Empire and China", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356659503#Events", "title": "1858 in Russia", "revid": 1356659503, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Russian Empire has c. 1,250 mi of railroads.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#Date_unknown", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Emancipation reform of 1861: Alexander II abolishes serfdom in the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#March", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Valuev Circular bans the publication of religious, educational and training books in Ukrainian in the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#July", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#November", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#Date_unknown", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – The city of Khiva in Turkestan falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#May", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#August", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "22 October – Bismarck negotiates the League of the Three Emperors, ensuring an alliance between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330911663#Events", "title": "1873 in Germany", "revid": 1330911663, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – The Ems Ukaz, a secret decree, is issued by Tsar Alexander II of Russia in the German city of Bad Ems, aimed at stopping the printing and distribution of Ukrainian-language publications in the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#May", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#April", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#March", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#October", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#February", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25–27 – The Warsaw pogrom is carried out in Vistula Land, Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#December", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 26", "text": "26 March – Prussian deportations: the Prussian government orders the expulsion of all ethnic Poles and Jews holding Russian citizenship, later extended to include Polish Austrian citizens. More than 30,000 people are forced across the border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331892782#Events", "title": "1885 in Germany", "revid": 1331892782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#March", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Tchaikovsky’s Manfred symphony premieres in Moscow, Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#March", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1894, "year_label": "1894 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369810485#January", "title": "1894", "revid": 1369810485, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Chinese province of Manchuria is invaded by the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#May", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#March", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Commercial Telegraph Agency (TTA, Torgovo-Telegrafnue Agenstvo), predecessor of TASS, is officially established under the Ministry of Finance at Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318639#December", "title": "1902", "revid": 1373318639, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19–21 (April 6–8 O.S.) – The first Kishinev pogrom, beginning on Easter Day, takes place in Kishinev, capital of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. At least 47 Jews are killed during mob rioting encouraged by blood libel articles in the press and led by priests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#April", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about 15 mi off Port Arthur, and sinks Japan's battleships Hatsuse, 15,000 tons with 496 crew, and Yashima. On the same day, the Japanese protected cruiser Yoshino sinks after being accidentally rammed by the armored cruiser Kasuga, killing over 270 crew, including Captain Sayegi and his second-in-command, Commander Hirowateri. Japan will keep the loss of Yashima secret for over a year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#May", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#September", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Russo-Japanese War – Treaty of Portsmouth: In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942510#Events", "title": "1905 in Russia", "revid": 1330942510, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 O.S: The Saint Petersburg Soviet holds its first meeting, the first elected workers' Soviet (council) in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942510#Events", "title": "1905 in Russia", "revid": 1330942510, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – In the Russian Empire, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#March–April", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar exploited divisions with the ranks of the reformers to eliminate the Majlis. Vladimir Liakhov, a Russian Cossack Brigade commander, shelled Majlis and executed several leaders of Constitutional Movement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300992943#Events", "title": "1908 in Iran", "revid": 1300992943, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 (June 17 OS) – The Tunguska event near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russian Empire, is believed to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment, at an altitude of 5 – 10 km above the Earth's surface.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#June", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for the Russian Empire, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#July–August", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, third Prime Minister of the Russian Empire is assassinated in Kiev by Leftist revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov and is succeeded by Count Vladimir Kokovtsov.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#September", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#March", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – A diplomat from Austria-Hungary told representatives from Italy and Germany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion of Serbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who said that Italy refused to participate. Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly opposed the arrival of Serbian army on the Adriatic Sea because they perceived it as a threat to their domination of the Adriatic and feared that Serbian Adriatic port could become a Russian base.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358386000#August", "title": "1913 in Italy", "revid": 1358386000, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilisation in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#September", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – A secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Patto di Londra), is signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369974115#April", "title": "1915 in Italy", "revid": 1369974115, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Perm State University is founded in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#October", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#December", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "6 December – Finnish Declaration of Independence: Finland declares its independence from the Russian Empire following the Bolsheviks taking power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357365593#Events", "title": "1917 in Finland", "revid": 1357365593, "section": "Events"}}]}