{"slug": "royal-assent", "label": "Royal assent", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070654", "qid": "Q1070654", "description": "formal approval of a proposed law in monarchies", "entries": 15, "years": 13, "span": [1411, 1982], "span_label": ["1411 CE", "1982 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Royal Assent"], "related": [{"slug": "parliament-of-the-united-kingdom", "label": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anne-queen-of-great-britain", "label": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parliament-of-great-britain", "label": "Parliament of Great Britain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gregorian-calendar", "label": "Gregorian calendar", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-year-s-day", "label": "New Year's Day", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parliament-of-ireland", "label": "Parliament of Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northern-ireland", "label": "Northern Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "george-v", "label": "George V", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "westminster", "label": "Westminster", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "calais", "label": "Calais", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "robert-peel", "label": "Robert Peel", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Royal assent is given by King Henry IV to many of the acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Riot Act 1411, which provides that \"The justices of peace and the sheriffs shall arrest those which commit any riot... and inquire of them, and record their offences.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#October–December", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – The English Parliament closes its session at Westminster. Royal assent is given in the King's name to the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (\"Certain things required in him who shall be a chooser of the knights of the parliament\"), the Appearance of Plaintiffs Act (setting \"the penalty of him that maketh a false entry, that the plaintiff doth offer himself in person, where his doth not\") and the Exportation Act (\"All wools and woolfells that shall be carried to any other place than to Calais, shall be forfeited to the King and the finder.\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#July–September", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Royal assent is given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including the Third Succession Act, the amended Treason Act and the King's Style Act.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#January–March", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain, withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#January–June", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "11 March – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263212#Events", "title": "1708 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – the Toleration Act (\"For exempting the Protestant Dissenters of this kingdom from certain penalties to which they are now subject\"), passed by the Parliament of Ireland, receives Royal Assent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386595#Events", "title": "1719 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386595, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 13 Old Style) – Adoption of the Gregorian calendar: Royal assent is given to An Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use (the \"Calendar Act\") passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, introducing the Gregorian Calendar, correcting the eleven-day difference between Old Style and New Style dates and making 1 January legally New Year's Day from 1752 in the British Empire. It is largely promoted by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Customs and Excise Act 1787 receives Royal assent. It replaced all customs duties, which included poundage, by a system where individual tariffs would be applied to importations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561702#April–June", "title": "1787", "revid": 1370561702, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Royal assent is given to several significant Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, after the Home Secretary (and future Prime Minister) Robert Peel had worked to get approval by Parliament. Approved are the Judgment of Death Act 1823, effectively abolishing the death penalty for over 100 offences and; allowing judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or transportation.; the Transportation Act allowing convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works. On July 10, the Gaols Act 1823 is given assent, beginning the process of prison reform based on the campaign of Elizabeth Fry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#July–September", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 6", "text": "6 August – Criminal Law Consolidation Acts (drafted by Charles Sprengel Greaves) granted Royal Assent, generally coming into effect on 1 November. The death penalty is limited to murder, embezzlement, piracy, high treason and to acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots; the age of consent is codified as twelve. The Home Secretary takes over the power to reprieve or commute sentences from the judiciary and Privy Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330919965#Events", "title": "1861 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1330919965, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 18", "text": "18 September - Welsh Church Act, disestablishing the Church in Wales, receives Royal Assent, but simultaneously with the Suspensory Act which delays its coming into effect.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354084244#Events", "title": "1914 in Wales", "revid": 1354084244, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Irish War of Independence: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom) receives Royal Assent, providing for Irish Republican Army activists to be tried by court-martial, rather than by jury in criminal courts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#August", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#December", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Edward VIII abdication crisis: The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the U.K., Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving Royal Assent to the Act, and his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI. The former King, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate, and leaves the country for Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#November–December", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Royal Assent is given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution on April 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#March", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › March"}}]}