{"slug": "roman-egypt", "label": "Roman Egypt", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202311", "qid": "Q202311", "description": "Roman province in Egypt (30 BCE–641 CE)", "entries": 19, "years": 18, "span": [-29, 1875], "span_label": ["30 BCE", "1875 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Aegyptus (province)", "Egypt (Roman province)"], "related": [{"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nubia", "label": "Nubia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria-palaestina", "label": "Syria Palaestina", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "diocese-of-the-east", "label": "Diocese of the East", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "venice", "label": "Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "st-mark-s-basilica", "label": "St Mark's Basilica", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Revolt of Thebes (c. 30–29 BC) outbreaks in Egypt immediately after Octavian's victory. Followed by a series of Egyptian resistances, military conflicts and revolts, the following centuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Egypt", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 or 12 – With the death of Cleopatra, probably by suicide, in Alexandria and the probable murder soon afterwards of her son and nominal co-ruler Caesarion, the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last of Ancient Egypt, comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -23, "year_label": "24 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325743433#Roman_Empire", "title": "24 BC", "revid": 1325743433, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -22, "year_label": "23 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Nubians, led by queen Kandake Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287237096#Roman_Empire", "title": "23 BC", "revid": 1287237096, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -21, "year_label": "22 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches up the Nile with legions XXII Deiotariana and III Cyrenaica, and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369251712#Roman_Empire", "title": "22 BC", "revid": 1369251712, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with the 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Diaspora Revolt erupts almost simultaneously across various Jewish Diaspora communities in the empire's east, including Egypt, Libya and Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 117, "year_label": "117 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish Diaspora Revolt is quelled, likely by autumn 117, though unrest may have persisted in Egypt until early 118. Its suppression results in the near-complete expulsion of Jews from Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and several regions of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187799#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 117", "revid": 1371187799, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 128, "year_label": "128 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188336#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 128", "revid": 1371188336, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 133, "year_label": "133 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079085#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 133", "revid": 1267079085, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 153, "year_label": "153 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Minor uprisings occur in Roman Egypt against Roman rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367880026#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 153", "revid": 1367880026, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Near_East", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": 272, "year_label": "272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Aurelian launches a two-pronged invasion of the Palmyrene Empire, sending his commander Marcus Aurelius Probus to restore Roman rule in Egypt while he marches into Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192173#Roman_Empire", "title": "272", "revid": 1371192173, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Tetrarchs are probably made in Egypt. After 330 they are moved to Constantinople and in 1204 they are installed at the corner of the facade of the St Mark's Basilica, Venice (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Art_and_Science", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus Daza persecutes the Christians of Egypt, many of whom take refuge in the desert. In time, this refuge leads to the monastic life. In these monasteries, Coptic writing develops, supporting the propagation of Christian texts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Roman_Empire", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – An earthquake and tsunami devastate Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 375, "year_label": "375 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The earliest extant books – a school textbook and an account book – with bound wooden leaves, are lost at the Dakhla Oasis in western Egypt. The desert sands preserve them for modern archaeologists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205031#Education", "title": "375", "revid": 1349205031, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (comes Orientis) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Egypt adopts the Gregorian calendar; replacing the Coptic/Alexandrian calendar (based on the ancient Egyptian calendar) which had been the official calendar since the Roman period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#September", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › September"}}]}