{"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 101, "years": 89, "span": [97, 2014], "span_label": ["97 CE", "2014 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 61}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Catholic", "Catholic church", "Catholicism", "Catholics", "Roman Catholic church", "Roman Catholicism", "Roman Catholics", "Roman catholic"], "related": [{"slug": "protestantism", "label": "Protestantism", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "arianism", "label": "Arianism", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-the-lombards", "label": "Kingdom of the Lombards", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pope", "label": "Pope", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "galileo-galilei", "label": "Galileo Galilei", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "theodelinda", "label": "Theodelinda", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 97, "year_label": "97 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope (according to Catholic tradition; none of the popes until the mid second century is certain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324646#Religion", "title": "AD 97", "revid": 1330324646, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 115, "year_label": "115 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Sixtus I succeeds Alexander I as the seventh pope of Rome (according to Catholic biographies).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191693#Religion", "title": "AD 115", "revid": 1371191693, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I succeeds Siricius as the 39th pope. He seeks to reconcile the churches of Rome and Antioch. Anastasius also condemns the doctrine of Origen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Religion", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 448, "year_label": "448 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rechiar succeeds his father Rechila as king of the Suebi in Galicia (Northern Spain). He marries a daughter of the Visigoth king Theodoric I and converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330678266#Europe", "title": "448", "revid": 1330678266, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Genseric, ruler of the Vandal Kingdom, dies a natural death at Carthage, and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea with his Vandal fleet, and rescinds his father's policy of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Africa", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 493, "year_label": "493 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18; she is brought up in the Catholic faith and is the daughter of King Chilperic II. Her father is murdered in the same year by his brother Gundobad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790263#Europe", "title": "493", "revid": 1340790263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 496, "year_label": "496 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Clovis I is baptized into the Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthens the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740340#Europe", "title": "496", "revid": 1364740340, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 509, "year_label": "509 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Clovis I (Chlodowech) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790384#Europe", "title": "509", "revid": 1340790384, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 511, "year_label": "511 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "First Council of Orléans: Clovis I convenes a synod of Gallic bishops to reform the Church, and create a link between the Crown and the Catholic episcopate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740421#Religion", "title": "511", "revid": 1364740421, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hilderic succeeds his uncle Thrasamund after a 27-year reign, and becomes king of the Vandals and Alans. He favours Catholicism and grants the inhabitants religious freedom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Africa", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Chararic, king of the Suevi, converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Religion", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Hermenegild, son of Visigothic king Liuvigild, marries Ingund. He rebels against his father, starting in Seville (Southern Spain), and declares himself Catholic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Europe", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Leander, Catholic bishop of Seville, is exiled by Liuvigild and withdraws to Constantinople. At the Byzantine court he composes works against Arianism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Religion", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 587, "year_label": "587 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Reccared I renounces Arianism and adopts Catholicism. Many Visigothic nobles follow his example, but in Septimania (Southern Gaul) there are Arian uprisings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364756380#Europe", "title": "587", "revid": 1364756380, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 588, "year_label": "588 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombard Kingdom (Italy) is converted to Roman Catholicism under the rule of King Authari (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753170#Europe", "title": "588", "revid": 1364753170, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Third Council of Toledo, called by King Reccared I of the Visigoths, renounces Arianism and embraces Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Religion", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Judoc, Breton noble and Catholic saint (d. 668)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Births", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 603, "year_label": "603 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Agilulf, under the influence of his wife Theodelinda, abandons Arianism for Catholicism, and is (with his son Adaloald) baptised in the Cathedral of Monza, where later the Iron Crown of Lombardy is installed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752956#Europe", "title": "603", "revid": 1364752956, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Witteric is assassinated during a banquet at Toledo, by a faction of Catholic nobles. He is succeeded by Gundemar, duke of Narbonne, who becomes king of the Visigoths in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Europe", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Adaloald, age 14, succeeds his father Agilulf as Lombard king of Italy. He reigns under his mother Theodelinda as regent. The Lombard Kingdom gradually begins to convert to Catholicism, and establishes peace with the Exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Europe", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Rodoald is murdered after a six-month reign, and is succeeded by Aripert I, who is elected as king of the Lombards. He spreads Catholicism over the Lombard realm and builds many new churches through the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Europe", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Judoc, Breton noble and Catholic saint (b. 600)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Deaths", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit returns to Lombardy from exile and reclaims his realm, which is being ruled on behalf of Garibald, since his father King Grimoald I died. He deposes the young king, and becomes the new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy. During his reign Perctarit makes Catholicism the official religion, but does not recognize papal authority. Grimoald is buried in the St. Ambrogio Church (Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Europe", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum (\"Dark Age\") or \"pornocracy\" (\"rule of harlots\"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy later in the 11th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Christendom", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Christendom"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Alexander III addresses a series of letters to the backward Swedish church. He wants to impose the strict canonical requirements on the Swedes, that is, the ecclesiastical legal system. Due to being Christianized in 1050, Sweden is having trouble to fully adapt to the Catholicism that is preached and acted on in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Religion", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Europe", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Maronite Church reestablishes its affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Religion", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Congress of Bilino Polje: Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia, officially declares his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounces heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Religion", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Francis of Assisi, an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces Catholicism in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed baptism, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1252, "year_label": "1252 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269919#Europe", "title": "1252", "revid": 1365269919, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Probable date – The doctrines of Joachim of Fiore, French hermit and theologian, are condemned as heresy by the Catholic Church Synod of Arles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Religion", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1268, "year_label": "1268 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318265867#War_and_politics", "title": "1268", "revid": 1318265867, "section": "Events › By topic › War and politics"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#Europe", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – The coronation of Cardinal Boccasini as Pope Benedict XI, 194th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, is performed at St. Peter's Basilica by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#October–December", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – The coronation of Jacques Deuze as Pope John XXII takes place at Avignon in France, as he becomes the 196th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. His papacy will last until 1334.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#July_–_September", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Johannes Abezier (1375–1424), Roman Catholic religious and political leader of the Teutonic Knights, over Polish territory", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#Births", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#July–September", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer is elected as the successor to Pope Martin V and takes the name of Pope Eugene IV as the 207th leader of the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#January–March", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – A papal bull is issued by Pope Eugene IV declaring that the Chaldean Christians and the Maronites of Cyprus are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#July–September", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1489, "year_label": "1489 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – King Ferdinand I of Naples is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church and declared deposed from office by a bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII. King Ferdinand, who had been punished for refusing to pay dues to the Pope, disregards the papal order and rules over Naples for the rest of his life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757252#September–December", "title": "1489", "revid": 1364757252, "section": "Events › September–December"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Roman Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#January—March", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Lisbon Massacre begins in Portugal with three days of violence, in which thousands of Jews are tortured and killed by Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#April–June", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – After being dispatched by Pope Julius II with command of a Spanish Army, General Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici recaptures the city of Florence (Firenze), capital of the Florentine Republic in Italy and ousts Piero Soderini as the ruling Gonfaloniere. The success at Florence spares the city of Rome from a French invasion. Within a year, Medici becomes leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States as Pope Leo X.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#July–September", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church, and separate from the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#July–September", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The Diet of Augsburg approves a decree of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the \"Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council\", informally referred to as the Augsburg Interim, directing German Protestants to resume the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, including observance of the Seven Sacraments. As a concession, the Emperor allows the continuation of some Protestant customs, including the right of Protestant clergy to marry and for believers to receive the Protestant communion of bread and wine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#April–June", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – July 2: the Parliament of Ireland, meeting in Dublin, passes acts confirming the creation of King's County (now County Offaly) and Queen's County (now County Laois) with their respective county towns of Philipstown and Maryborough; repeals statutes directed against the Roman Catholic Church; declares the monarchy of Ireland to rest in Mary I of England; and acknowledges the monarch's right to amend legislative proposals. James Stanihurst is Speaker of the Irish House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324328107#Events", "title": "1557 in Ireland", "revid": 1324328107, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – the Protestant Elizabeth I succeeds as Queen of England and Ireland upon the death of her Catholic half-sister Mary I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement follows.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324327841#Events", "title": "1558 in Ireland", "revid": 1324327841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason, for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He is executed on June 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#January–March", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Parliament of England's Act against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines, for practising Roman Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#January–March", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – The proposal for the Union of Brest (moving the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Roman Catholic Church) is made in a petition by the Metropolitan Michael Rohoza in a petition to Sigismund, monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland. After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#October–December", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Union of Brest: The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnieper becomes known as the Ukrainian Rite of Catholicism, whereas the East officially renounces the authority of the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#October–December", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Edict of Nantes (promulgated April 30): Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics; this is considered the end of the French Wars of Religion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#April–June", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 21", "text": "21 August - The Gjerpen Trial ends. Several priests and two students were found guilty of secretly support Catholicism. They were convicted to loss of benefice and inheritance, and were instructed to leave the country. One of the convicted was Christoffer Hjort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348635951#Events", "title": "1613 in Norway", "revid": 1348635951, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church \"until corrected\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#March-April", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › March-April"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Ávila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#Date_unknown", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#January–March", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#April–June", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#April–June", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "6 June - Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278747310#Events", "title": "1654 in Sweden", "revid": 1278747310, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Pope Innocent X, leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States, dies after more than 10 years of rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#January–March", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "1668 or 1669 – James, Duke of York, the heir to the throne, secretly takes Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737382#Undated", "title": "1668 in England", "revid": 1353737382, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "15 March – King Charles II issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 29", "text": "29 March – the Test Act is passed, preventing Roman Catholics from holding public office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360074887#Events", "title": "1673 in England", "revid": 1360074887, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X, as the 240th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#July–September", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "22 January – the Convention Parliament is convened to determine if James II, the last Roman Catholic king, had vacated the throne when he fled to France at the end of 1688.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369556259#Events", "title": "1689 in England", "revid": 1369556259, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The Act of Toleration, drawn up by the Convention Parliament of England to protect Protestants but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded, is passed; this effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "24 May – the Toleration Act passed by Parliament protecting freedom of worship for Protestant Nonconformists (Roman Catholics and nontrinitarians are intentionally excluded). This effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369556259#Events", "title": "1689 in England", "revid": 1369556259, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Kangxi Emperor recognized Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360089724#Events", "title": "1692 in China", "revid": 1360089724, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#January–March", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 15", "text": "15 December – Penal Laws (Ireland): the Occasional Conformity Act (\"An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion\"), passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, bars Roman Catholics from public office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364849083#Events", "title": "1711 in Ireland", "revid": 1364849083, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 15", "text": "15 December – Occasional Conformity Act, intending to bar nonconformists and Roman Catholics from public office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835709#Events", "title": "1711 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835709, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Georg Ludwig von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover, becomes King George I of Great Britain and Ireland, on the death of Queen Anne. Anne's death brings an end to the reign of the House of Stuart, in that her half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the eldest son of James II of England, has been ineligible for the British throne based on the Act of Settlement 1701 had barred members of the Roman Catholic church from becoming monarchs. George of Hanover, as great-grandson of James I of England and a second cousin to Anne, is deemed the eldest living Protestant descendant of James I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#July–September", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The works of astronomer Galileo Galilei espousing heliocentrism are removed (with the approval of Pope Benedict XIV) from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum list of books banned by Roman Catholic Church, along with \"all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility\". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Guy Carleton's recommendations are instituted in the Quebec Act, which introduces British criminal law but retains French civil law and guarantees religious freedom for Roman Catholics. The Act's geographical claims, and toleration of Roman Catholics, were so offensive to the 13 Colonies that it helped precipitate the American War of Independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349954672#Events", "title": "1774 in Canada", "revid": 1349954672, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 10", "text": "10 June – Roman Catholic Relief Act, relieving Catholics of certain political, educational and economic disabilities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360237268#Events", "title": "1791 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360237268, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "St Mary's College is established at Old Oscott, near Birmingham, the first Roman Catholic seminary in England since the Reformation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360241470#Undated", "title": "1794 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360241470, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 15", "text": "15 October – Catholic seminarians forced to leave the English College, Douai, settle at Crook Hall, County Durham.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360241470#Events", "title": "1794 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360241470, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 15", "text": "15 July – Concordat of 1801, agreement signed between France and Pope Pius VII that reaffirms the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restores some of its civil status.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331877356#Events", "title": "1801 in France", "revid": 1331877356, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Dolores, Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes Mexico's Independence War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367069134#Events", "title": "1810 in Mexico", "revid": 1367069134, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 9", "text": "9 May – Sacramental Test Act removes most prohibitions on nonconformists and Catholics holding public office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344185855#Events", "title": "1828 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1344185855, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – The Sacramental Test Act in the United Kingdom removes most prohibitions on nonconformists and Catholics holding public office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#April–June", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Matua, High Priest (taura tupua) of the Polynesian island of Mangareva, is baptized into the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#April–June", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#October–December", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 12", "text": "12 July – in Belfast, confrontations between crowds of Catholics and Protestants turn into 10 days of rioting, exacerbated by the open-air preaching of Evangelical Presbyterian minister \"Roaring\" Hugh Hanna, with many of the police force joining the Protestant side. There are also riots in Derry, Portadown and Lurgan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319018332#Events", "title": "1857 in Ireland", "revid": 1319018332, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1871, "year_label": "1871 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 24", "text": "24 September – Mother Mary MacKillop is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church after refusing to disband the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart order.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332428787#Events", "title": "1871 in Australia", "revid": 1332428787, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1871, "year_label": "1871 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 10", "text": "10 December – Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330911621#Events", "title": "1871 in Germany", "revid": 1330911621, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "15 March – restoration of the Scottish hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, carried out on the instructions of the newly appointed Pope Leo XIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353739999#Events", "title": "1878 in Scotland", "revid": 1353739999, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 — Manitoba Liberals under Thomas Greenway halt public funding of Catholic schools; causes uproar in Quebec.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349958392#Events", "title": "1890 in Canada", "revid": 1349958392, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The Philippine Independent Church is formed at a conference in Paniqui, to separate from the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366888356#October", "title": "1899 in the Philippines", "revid": 1366888356, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Start of the Papal conclave after the death of Pope Leo XIII. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was elected on August 4 as Pope Pius X. Pius X's papacy would feature vigorous condemnation of what he termed 'modernists' and 'relativists' whom he regarded as dangers to the Catholic faith (see for example his Oath Against Modernism).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342511329#July", "title": "1903 in Italy", "revid": 1342511329, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Education (Northern Ireland) Act restores 50% government funding to Voluntary (chiefly Catholic) schools and allows religious instruction in controlled schools.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341912285#Events", "title": "1930 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1341912285, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – In his encyclical Humani generis, Pope Pius XII requires Catholic theologians to defer to the teachings of the Church as a whole but declares evolution to be a serious hypothesis that does not contradict essential Catholic views.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#August", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Pope Pius XII witnesses the \"Miracle of the Sun\" at the Vatican and defines a new dogma of Roman Catholicism, the Munificentissimus Deus, which says that God took Mary's body into Heaven after her death (the \"Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#November", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#October", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#April", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Claudy bombing (\"Bloody Monday\"), 10:00 AM : Three car bombs in Claudy, County Londonderry, kill nine. It becomes public knowledge only in 2010 that a local Catholic priest was an IRA officer believed to be involved in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#July", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – The Roman Catholic Church beatifies Pope Paul VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#October", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › October"}}]}