{"slug": "qing-dynasty", "label": "Qing dynasty", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8733", "qid": "Q8733", "description": "Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)", "entries": 92, "years": 69, "span": [1609, 1913], "span_label": ["1609 CE", "1913 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 28}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Manchu dynasty", "Qing", "Qing Dynasty", "Qing Empire"], "related": [{"slug": "manchu-people", "label": "Manchu people", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "kangxi-emperor", "label": "Kangxi Emperor", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "ming-dynasty", "label": "Ming dynasty", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "wu-sangui", "label": "Wu Sangui", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "yongzheng-emperor", "label": "Yongzheng Emperor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "shunzhi-emperor", "label": "Shunzhi Emperor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "empire-of-japan", "label": "Empire of Japan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "guangzhou", "label": "Guangzhou", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "manchuria", "label": "Manchuria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "taiwan", "label": "Taiwan", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Invasion of Ryukyu in Japan: Soldiers of the Shimazu clan capture the castle on Ryukyu Island, beginning to make the Ryukyu Kingdom a vassal of Satsuma Han, but Ryukyu is still allowed to keep itself a tribute state of the Ming and Qing dynasties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#April–June", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#Date_unknown", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Nurhaci, chief of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing dynasty, dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#July–September", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Manchus occupy the Liaoning region in north China, select Shenyang (Mukden) as their capital, and proclaim the new Qing dynasty (pure).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#Date_unknown", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Battle of Songjin begins in the modern-day North Korean city of Kimch'aek, at the time part of the Chinese Empire controlled by the Ming dynasty. The Ming, led by General Wu Sangui, defeat the Qing rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – Hong Taiji (known in the West as Abatai) begins a 60-day march of Manchu warriors southwards from the Great Wall through Ming Chinese provinces of Zhili and Shandong, before returning northward on January 27. (Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, and the Shunzhi Emperor becomes the first Qing Emperor to rule over China proper.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#October–December", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Battle of Shanhai Pass: The Manchu Qing dynasty and Wu Sangui gain a decisive victory over Li Zicheng's Shun dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#April–June", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – The invading Qing army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing in China, marking the beginning of Manchu rule over China proper, which will last until 1912.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#April–June", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#October–December", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Qing armies reconquer Jiangxi province during the Manchu conquest of China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#Undated", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Chinese General Geng Zhongming, having reported to the Qing dynasty commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the Southern Ming dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). His son, Geng Jimao, continues to fight against the Southern Ming.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#October–December", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – In China, Qing dynasty forces led by Shang Kexi capture the city of Guangzhou from the Southern Ming and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#October–December", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Kangxi Emperor of Qing China (d. 1722)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#Births", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Šarhūda's Manchu fleet annihilates Onufriy Stepanov's Russian flotilla, on the Amur River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – The Shunzhi Emperor of the Chinese Qing Dynasty dies, and is succeeded by his 7-year-old son the Kangxi Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#January–March", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – General Wu Sangui of China arrives in Burma with 20,000 troops and demands that the Burmese surrender Yongli, the last of the Ming dynasty rulers of Southern China before the Qing dynasty consolidated its rule. Burma's King Pye Min hands Yongli over to General Wu on January 15, and Yongli is subsequently executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#October–December", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Chinese general Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) captures the Dutch East India Company's settlement at Fort Zeelandia (now Tainan) on the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege, ending the company's rule on the island, then establishes the Kingdom of Tungning. In response, the Kangxi Emperor of the mainland Qing dynasty relocates all residents along the southern coast, by 50 miles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#January–March", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 — Yunzhi, Prince Zhi (1672 – 1735), also known as Yunzhi, formally known as Prince Zhi of the Second Rank between 1698 and 1708, a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243748926#Births", "title": "1672 in China", "revid": 1243748926, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – In China, General Wu Sangui begins the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, a rebellion against the Qing dynasty by killing the Governor of the Yunnan province, Zhu Guozhi. Within 10 days, he leads troops on an expedition to take over the neighboring Guizhou province and by 1676 controls 11 of China's provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#October–December", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide at Kunming in Yunnan province, ending the 8-year Revolt of the Three Feudatories against the Kangxi Emperor and the Qing dynasty in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#October–December", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Admiral Shi Lang of Qing dynasty China leads 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, Fujian, and sails towards the Kingdom of Tungning, in modern-day Taiwan and Penghu, in order to quell the kingdom in the name of the Qing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang receives the formal surrender of Zheng Keshuang, ushering in the collapse of the Kingdom of Tungning, which is then incorporated into the Qing Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 28", "text": "28 November — Yun'e (1683–1741), born Yin'e, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty of China. He was a relatively unremarkable prince who was primarily known to be a crony of his older brother Yunsi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360945427#Births", "title": "1683 in China", "revid": 1360945427, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V and Peter I. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#Date_unknown", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Nalan Xingde (born 1655), Chinese Qing Dynasty poet most famous for his ci poetry", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360083804#Deaths", "title": "1685 in China", "revid": 1360083804, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yinxiang, Prince Yi (16 November 1686 – 18 June 1730), was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. The thirteenth son of the Kangxi Emperor, he was made a qinwang (first-grade prince) during Yongzheng's reign and became one of his closest advisors. He died eight years into the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor and was memorialized with top honours, granted \"iron-cap\" status and became perpetually inheritable, one of the only twelve such princes in Qing dynasty history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243748998#Births", "title": "1686 in China", "revid": 1243748998, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Wei Yijie (Chinese: 魏裔介; August 19, 1616 – April 27, 1686) was a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty, during the rules of the Shunzhi Emperor, Oboi, and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus and advocacy of the reformation the Examination system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243748998#Deaths", "title": "1686 in China", "revid": 1243748998, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yunti, Prince Xun (10 February 1688 – 16 February 1755), born Yinzhen and also known as Yinti before 1722, formally known as Prince Xun, was a Manchu prince and military general of the Qing dynasty", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243749007#Births", "title": "1688 in China", "revid": 1243749007, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – China and Russia sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#July–September", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#Date_unknown", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#January–March", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – China's Kangxi Emperor leads troops in the Battle of Jao Modo, about 37 mi from the modern Mongolian capital, Ulan Bator, and defeats 5,000 Mongolian troops of the Dzungar Khanate under the command of Galdan Boshugtu Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#April–June", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Manchus of the Qing dynasty conquer Outer Mongolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#Date_unknown", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – In Tibet, forces of the Tibetan Dzungar Khanate destroys an advancing expedition of the Chinese Imperial Army, under the command of General Erentei, in the Battle of the Salween River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#July–September", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The Kangxi Era ends in Qing dynasty China, and the Yongzheng Era begins, with the coronation of Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#January–March", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "China expels foreign missionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#Date_unknown", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In Qing dynasty China, 66 copies of a 5,020 volume-long encyclopedia, the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China are printed, necessitating the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#Date_unknown", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Treaty of Kyakhta is signed at the border city of Kyakhta, between Russia and China, by representatives of the Tsar Peter II, and the Emperor Yongzheng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#April–June", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Yongzheng Emperor of Qing China (b. 1678)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#Deaths", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – In China, Qianlong succeeds his father, Yongzheng, as Emperor and begins a 60-year-long reign within the Qing dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#October_–December", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The 1755 rebellion against the Chinese Empire by Mongolian Oirat Prince Amursana is met by a Chinese army of 10,000 attackers against Amursana's 2,500 man force at their capital at Bor Tal. The rebels hold out until July 17.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut Migration) is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing dynasty rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#January–_March", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › January– March"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The USS Congress, commanded by Captain John D. Henley, becomes the first U.S. warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island off of the coast of Canton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369910265#Events", "title": "1819 in the United States", "revid": 1369910265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#July–September", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Global conglomerate Jardine Matheson is founded in Canton (modern day Guangzhou) in Qing dynasty China by Scottish merchants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#July–September", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – Destruction of opium at Humen begins, casus belli for Britain to open the 3-year First Opium War against Qing dynasty China. A rapid rise in the sale of opium in China to over 40,000 chests (~56,000 kg per annum) has caused the Chinese government to dispatch scholar-official Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to deal with the growing problem of opium addiction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#April–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sino-Sikh War, May 1841 to August 1842, General Zorawar Singh Kahluria of the Sikh Empire invaded Qing Tibet", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1241472270#Events", "title": "1841 in India", "revid": 1241472270, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360265400#January–March", "title": "1841", "revid": 1360265400, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "20 January — publication of the terms of the Convention of Chuenpi, signed between British Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot and Chinese Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243749111#Ongoing", "title": "1841 in China", "revid": 1243749111, "section": "Events › Ongoing"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China, ends the First Opium War, and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony (later a British dependent territory until 1997).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#July–September", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese Union, an early Chinese Protestant Christian missionary society that was involved in preaching to Chinese and sending Chinese workers to mainland China during the late Qing dynasty was founded by Karl Gützlaff in 1844, Hong Kong", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369295770#Events", "title": "1844 in China", "revid": 1369295770, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso Claveria on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with Imperial China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring countries increased, after Mexico became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Palau as part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#January–March", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur, between the Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365770371#October–December", "title": "1850", "revid": 1365770371, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 25", "text": "25 July – The Treaty of Kuldja (Ghulja) is signed with Qing China, opening Kuldja (Ghulja) and Chuguchak (Tacheng) to Russian trade and permitting Russian consuls there. The seventeen-article treaty was signed for Russia by Yegor Kovalevsky and for China by Yishan and Buyantai.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372268616#July", "title": "1851 in Russia", "revid": 1372268616, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Aigun, unequal treaty between the Russian Empire, and the empire of the Qing Dynasty that reversing the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Mountains and the Amur River from China (Qing Empire) to the Russian Empire establishing much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria (the original homeland of the Manchu people and the Qing Dynasty), which is now known as Northeast China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311390586#Events", "title": "1858 in China", "revid": 1311390586, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 - The Treaty of Aigun is signed by Yishan and Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on behalf of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#April–June", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#March", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Taiping Rebellion: Battle of Shanghai – French and Imperial Chinese troops defeat Taiping forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#July", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The Third Battle of Nanking climaxes, when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom capital of Nanking falls to an assault by Imperial Qing dynasty forces, in the last major action of the Taiping Rebellion in China. There are probably more than a million troops in the battle, and the Taiping army sustains at least 100,000 dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#July", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#February", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Burlingame Treaty, also known as the Burlingame-Seward Treaty of 1868, was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, one of the unequal treaties, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with the United States granting China the status of most favored nation in trade", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243749722#Events", "title": "1868 in China", "revid": 1243749722, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1872, "year_label": "1872 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Tongzhi, The 8th Emperor of the Qing dynasty marries Lady Alute (Empress Jiashun)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371307490#October", "title": "1872", "revid": 1371307490, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Guangxu becomes the 11th Qing dynasty Emperor of China at the age of 3. He succeeds his cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, who had no sons of his own.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#January", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#October", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#February", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3–4 – Sino-French War: Battle of Núi Bop – French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#January", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Taiwan becomes a Chinese province", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363052310#Date_unknown", "title": "1887", "revid": 1363052310, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1894, "year_label": "1894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – War is declared between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the First Sino-Japanese War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369810485#August", "title": "1894", "revid": 1369810485, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea, and to concede the southern portion of Fengtian province, Taiwan and the Penghu to Japan. The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron and Steel Works in Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#April", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Anti-Japanese officials, led by Tang Jingsong in Taiwan, declare independence from the Qing dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#May", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Peiyang University, predecessor of Tianjin University, is founded as an institution of higher education in Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#October", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna in the Dormition Cathedral, Moscow; this will be the last coronation of the Russian monarch. The Qing dynasty is represented at the coronation by Chinese official Li Hongzhang who through September goes on to visit Germany, Britain, Canada and the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#May", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Prime Minister Pelloux resigns over his Chinese policy. Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Felice Napoleone Canevaro had demanded that the Chinese Empire grant it a lease for a naval coaling station at China's Sanmen Bay (known as \"San-Mun Bay\" to the Italians) similar to the lease the German Empire had secured in 1898 at Kiautschou Bay. China refused to comply and Italy had to withdraw its ultimatum, becoming the first and only Western power to fail to achieve its territorial goals in China. The fiasco was an embarrassment that gave Italy – still stung by its defeat at the hands of the Ethiopian Empire in the Battle of Adowa in 1896 – the appearance of a third-rate power. Pelloux and his fellow cabinet ministers stated that Canevaro had acted without informing them, and it was widely believed that king Umberto I was the one who had given Canevaro the orders to acquire a concession in China. Pelloux forms a new government, the most decisively conservative since 1876, without Canevaro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311454884#May", "title": "1899 in Italy", "revid": 1311454884, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#January", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Boxer Rebellion Demands: The foreign powers present their 12 conditions for reform to the Chinese Imperial government, including the payment of a large indemnity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#December", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#March", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Boxer Protocol is signed between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance. Japan is represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs Komura Jutarō.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366302500#Events", "title": "1901 in Japan", "revid": 1366302500, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Boxer Rebellion in Qing dynasty China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#September", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366302696#Events", "title": "1905 in Japan", "revid": 1366302696, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur in Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942510#Events", "title": "1905 in Russia", "revid": 1330942510, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen forms the first chapter of Tongmenghui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchu dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#August", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The millennia-old imperial examination system for the civil service is abolished in Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#September", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 — Aisin Gioro Puyi ascended the throne at the age of three as the Xuantong Emperor, the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350371661#Events", "title": "1908 in China", "revid": 1350371661, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Japan and China sign the Gando Convention, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#September–October", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – The Nanyang industrial exposition (\"Nanking Exposition\"), an official world's fair, opens in Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373495790#June", "title": "1910", "revid": 1373495790, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – China adopts \"Cup of Solid Gold\" as its first national anthem. However, it is never performed publicly and is replaced a few months later with a new composition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#October", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#December", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 7", "text": "7 December - Qiqihar Protocol between Russia and China on border demarcation in the Argun River area", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363885214#Events", "title": "1911 in Russia", "revid": 1363885214, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#February", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Manchu Qing Dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years, with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282776787#February", "title": "1912 in China", "revid": 1282776787, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#February", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › February"}}]}