{"slug": "puerto-rico", "label": "Puerto Rico", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183", "qid": "Q1183", "description": "unincorporated territory of the United States of America", "entries": 32, "years": 24, "span": [1000, 2022], "span_label": ["1000 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"], "related": [{"slug": "taino", "label": "Taíno", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "juan-ponce-de-leon", "label": "Juan Ponce de León", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "san-juan-puerto-rico", "label": "San Juan, Puerto Rico", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "francis-drake", "label": "Francis Drake", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "philippines", "label": "Philippines", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cuba", "label": "Cuba", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "guam", "label": "Guam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "modified-mercalli-intensity-scale", "label": "Modified Mercalli intensity scale", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "christopher-columbus", "label": "Christopher Columbus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hispaniola", "label": "Hispaniola", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "santo-domingo", "label": "Santo Domingo", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1000, "year_label": "1000 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Taíno have become the dominant culture of modern day Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373370885#Americas", "title": "AD 1000", "revid": 1373370885, "section": "Events › Americas"}}, {"year": 1493, "year_label": "1493 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Christopher Columbus lands on the coast of the island of Borinquen, which he renames San Juan (modern-day Puerto Rico).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631093#October–December", "title": "1493", "revid": 1371631093, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – A powerful hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico and the island of Hispaniola, two days after Christopher Columbus was denied permission to land at Santo Domingo. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy, Nicolás de Ovando, including Ovando's flagship, El Dorado. Former Viceroy Francisco de Bobadilla and administrator Francisco Roldán are among the people killed. A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the Aguja, is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#July–September", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico begins when Juan Ponce de León lands on the island. Upon his arrival, Ponce is welcomed by Agüeybaná I, the island's leader a Cacique of the Taíno people. The Spanish explorer soon settles and founds the city of Caparra, near what is now the town of Guaynabo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#July–September", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Juan Ponce de León obtains authorization to bring his family from Spain to his home in the Casa de Contratación in Caparra, Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#April–June", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The indigenous Taíno people revolt against the Spanish in southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#Date_unknown", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – On the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León leads an incursion at Yahuecas against the local Taino warriors, commanded by Chief Urayoán.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#January–March", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – In the Taino Rebellion on the island of Puerto Rico, Spanish conquistador Diego Guilarte de Salazar attacks the Taino towns of Yauco and Coxiguex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#January–March", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#July–September", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1648)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#Births", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Battle of Guadalupe Island is fought between nine English Navy warships (led by Sir Francis Drake) and eight Spanish frigates off in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish force wins the battle, capturing one ship and killing 45 English sailors. Both sets of ships proceed toward Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#October–December", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – The Battle of San Juan is fought off of the island of Puerto Rico as an English fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men, led by Francis Drake, attempts to invade the Spanish colony. In a three-day battle, the English lose at least eight ships and 400 men, including Admiral John Hawkins. Drake's fleet withdraws and attempts to conquer Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#October–December", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The city of Ponce is founded in Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#July–September", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led by Ramón Emeterio Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#September", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Most slaves are freed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#March", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1897, "year_label": "1897 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362850810#November", "title": "1897", "revid": 1362850810, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#July", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – The island of Puerto Rico is turned over by Spain to the United States. Ángel Rivero Méndez, the 149th and last Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, yields the office and turns over the keys to all military installations in the capital, San Juan to U.S. Army Captain Henry A. Reed, and General John R. Brooke becomes the new American military governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#October", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – U.S. President William McKinley declares the Spanish–American War to be at an end as the Treaty of Paris between the U.S. and Spain goes into effect. Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam are ceded to the U.S. and Cuba becomes an American protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#April", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – The Federación Libre de Trabajadores is created in Puerto Rico as a resistance movement against the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – The San Ciriaco hurricane strikes Puerto Rico and leaves 250,000 people homeless. The official death toll is later listed as 3,369 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#August", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#March", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The 7.1 Mw San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributed to the damage and loss of life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359276216#October–December", "title": "1918 in the United States", "revid": 1359276216, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Arecibo Observatory, a radio telescope, officially begins operation in Puerto Rico.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370539540#November", "title": "1963", "revid": 1370539540, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – Arecibo message: The radio telescope at the Arecibo Observatory on Puerto Rico sends an interstellar radio message towards Messier 13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. The message will reach its destination around the year 27,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#November–December", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases the report, Puerto Ricans in the Continental United States: An Uncertain Future, that documents that Puerto Ricans in the United States have a poverty rate of 33 percent in 1974 (up from 29 percent in 1970), the highest of all major racial-ethnic groups in the country (not including Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#October", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is established by the five Latinos in the United States Congress: Herman Badillo of the Bronx, E. de la Garza and Henry B. Gonzalez of Texas, Edward R. Roybal of California, and the nonvoting Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Baltasar Corrada del Río.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#December", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19–20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#September", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 9", "text": "9 September – The Pittsburgh Pirates take #21 out of retirement for a game against the Chicago White Sox at PNC Park. 9 September is celebrated by Major League Baseball (MLB) as \"Roberto Clemente Day\". Clemente, a Puerto Rico native, died in a plane crash in December 1972 while en route to Nicaragua to deliver disaster relief to victims of an earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1258392201#Events", "title": "2020 in Nicaragua", "revid": 1258392201, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Puerto Rican government-debt crisis: Puerto Rico exits out of bankruptcy after completing the largest public debt restructuring in U.S. history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275302071#January_to_April", "title": "2022 in Puerto Rico", "revid": 1275302071, "section": "Events › January to April"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Eleven people die and thirty-one others are rescued after a boat capsizes off the coast of Puerto Rico near Desecheo Island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275302071#January_to_April", "title": "2022 in Puerto Rico", "revid": 1275302071, "section": "Events › January to April"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14–September 25 – The Atlantic hurricane Fiona hits Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, the Lucayan Archipelago, Bermuda, and Eastern Canada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#September", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › September"}}]}