{"slug": "protestantism", "label": "Protestantism", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540", "qid": "Q23540", "description": "branch of Christianity that emerged following the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and rejects papal supremacy", "entries": 75, "years": 58, "span": [1467, 2010], "span_label": ["1467 CE", "2010 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 34}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Protestant", "Protestants"], "related": [{"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "reformed-christianity", "label": "Reformed Christianity", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "huguenots", "label": "Huguenots", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "derry", "label": "Derry", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "louis-xiv", "label": "Louis XIV", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thirty-years-war", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1467, "year_label": "1467 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – On Easter Sunday, in the Bohemian city of Kunvald (now part of the Czech Republic), the Unity of the Brethren (commonly called the Moravian Church) is formed as one of the first Protestant churches by four Hussite bishops. Despite persecution, it progresses to as many as 100,000 adherents within 100 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890331#January–March", "title": "1467", "revid": 1352890331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#October–December", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8- Jean Vallière, a French friar who was the first protestant executed on a charge of heresy in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736357#Deaths", "title": "1523 in France", "revid": 1353736357, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 - Placards against Mass were posted by Protestants in Paris, Orléans and Amboise in what became known as Affair of the Placards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736411#Events", "title": "1534 in France", "revid": 1353736411, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#January–March", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#July–September", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – King James V of Scotland writes a letter to Pope Paul III and notes that he defied Henry VIII's attempts to convert him to the Protestant faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#October–December", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first book in Slovene, Catechismus, written by Protestant reformer Primož Trubar, is printed in Schwäbisch Hall, Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#Date_unknown", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The Act of Uniformity is given royal assent and imposes use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer on England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#April–June", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Peace of Passau revokes the Augsburg Interim of 1548, and promises religious freedom to the Protestant princes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The New Testament of the Geneva Bible, a Protestant Bible translation into English (produced under the supervision of William Whittingham, and printed in Roman type), is published in Geneva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – the Protestant Elizabeth I succeeds as Queen of England and Ireland upon the death of her Catholic half-sister Mary I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement follows.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324327841#Events", "title": "1558 in Ireland", "revid": 1324327841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts a Protestant confession of faith and rejects papal authority, beginning the Scottish Reformation, and disestablishing Roman Catholicism in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#July–September", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 27", "text": "27 August – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts the Protestant Scots Confession of faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736604#Events", "title": "1560 in Scotland", "revid": 1353736604, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January", "text": "January – The Edict of Saint-Germain grants Protestants limited freedom of worship inside houses or outside city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736616#Events", "title": "1562 in France", "revid": 1353736616, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – King Philip II of Spain sends a final letter to the administrators and Catholic bishops of the Spanish Netherlands, rejecting a request to abolish ordinances treating Protestants as heretics. The decision leads to an uprising against Spain by Calvinists and ultimately to the Eighty Years War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#July–September", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – Marian civil war in Scotland: Battle of Langside – The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland and her half-brother.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#April–June", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1570, "year_label": "1570 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June- Huguenot Protestant army defeats the royal army at Arnay-le-Duc.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360295318#Events", "title": "1570 in France", "revid": 1360295318, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Gaspard de Coligny, French Protestant leader (b. 1519)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#Deaths", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#Deaths", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#October–December", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Swords Castle briefly occupied by Dutch Protestants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247428578#Events", "title": "1583 in Ireland", "revid": 1247428578, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a mass\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#July–September", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The king abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a mass\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736861#July–December", "title": "1593 in France", "revid": 1353736861, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Protestant English and Presbyterian Scots settlers are imported directly by undertakers with the sanction of King James VI and I taking over forfeited estates of rebel leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247388411#Events", "title": "1609 in Ireland", "revid": 1247388411, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 (August 23 O.S.) – The Lutheran Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom within Poland, becomes the first Protestant government to follow the Roman Catholic nations in adopting the Gregorian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#July–September", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11: The royal secretary Göran Bähr is hung for his apostasy of the Protestant religion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345375846#September", "title": "1624 in Sweden", "revid": 1345375846, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Muircheartach Óg Ó Cíonga is employed by William Bedell, Provost of Trinity College Dublin, to teach Irish to the Protestants studying there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247388101#Events", "title": "1627 in Ireland", "revid": 1247388101, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#January–March", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#Date_unknown", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "St Columb's Cathedral, Derry is completed; the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387899#Events", "title": "1633 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387899, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for Native Americans (specifically, the Waban people) is held in Massachusetts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#October–December", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States can personally convert to Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. Prisoners of war should be released and allowed to return to their homelands without ransom after hostilities end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic, or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352360688#Events", "title": "1648 in Sweden", "revid": 1352360688, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "6 June - Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278747310#Events", "title": "1654 in Sweden", "revid": 1278747310, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "15 March – King Charles II issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – At the Synod of Jerusalem, presided over by Dositheos II of Jerusalem, the 68 bishops and representatives from the whole of Eastern Orthodox Christendom close by approving the Orthodox dogma against the challenge of Protestantism, declaring against \"the falsehoods of the adversaries which they have devised against the Eastern Church\" and making a goal of \"reformation of their innovations and for their return to the catholic and apostolic church in which their forefathers also were.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "22 October – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal in his country, causing Huguenot refugees to flee to England and elsewhere; among them is the Toyé family, who establish the jewellery and clothing business which, as Toye, Kenning and Spencer, will still be operating in the hands of the original family in the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737605#Events", "title": "1685 in England", "revid": 1353737605, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 22", "text": "22 October – Louis XIV issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737608#Events", "title": "1685 in France", "revid": 1353737608, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished and many flee to England, Prussia and elsewhere.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#October–December", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England, in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Early – the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Sir Charles Porter, is dismissed on a charge of taking bribes and replaced by Sir Alexander Fitton, a Protestant who converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387232#Events", "title": "1687 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387232, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 (November 5 OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers. He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 13", "text": "13 February – the Protestant William, Prince of Orange, and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Ireland and Scotland in London following the deposition of the Catholic James II at the end of 1688 but are not yet recognised in Ireland or Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366636271#Events", "title": "1689 in Ireland", "revid": 1366636271, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – The Siege of Derry begins in Ireland as former King James II arrives at the gates of Derry and asks for its surrender during the Williamite War in Ireland. The Protestant defenders refuse and the siege lasts until August 1 when it is abandoned. .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The Act of Toleration, drawn up by the Convention Parliament of England to protect Protestants but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded, is passed; this effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "24 May – the Toleration Act passed by Parliament protecting freedom of worship for Protestant Nonconformists (Roman Catholics and nontrinitarians are intentionally excluded). This effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369556259#Events", "title": "1689 in England", "revid": 1369556259, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, becomes law. Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants are next in line to the throne following Anne, the heir apparent to her brother-in-law King William III, ensuring that no Catholic will inherit the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351866843#Events", "title": "1701 in Ireland", "revid": 1351866843, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – Regency Act (backdated to 1705) requires the senior officers of state to proclaim the next Protestant heir (at this time, Sophia of Hanover) as successor to the English throne on the death of Queen Anne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737903#Events", "title": "1706 in England", "revid": 1353737903, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May – first influx of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate, mostly Protestants en route to the New World colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331109158#Events", "title": "1709 in Great Britain", "revid": 1331109158, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The first influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate arrives in England. Most of them are Protestants en route to the New World colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#April–June", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4–8 – nearly 800 poor Protestant refugee families of German Palatines arrive in Dublin to be settled in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386704#Events", "title": "1709 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386704, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – Protestant Swiss and German Palatines, under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried, travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern in Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#April–June", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – The Peace of Aarau is signed by Catholics and Protestants, ending the Toggenburg War and establishing Protestant dominance in Switzerland, while preserving the rights of Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#July–September", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Georg Schmidt sets up his mission at Zoetemelksvlei, a military outpost near Caledon, marking the start of Protestant missionary activity in South Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287504705#Events", "title": "1737 in South Africa", "revid": 1287504705, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 11", "text": "11 April – to annul future marriages celebrated by Roman Catholic priests if either (or both) of the parties are Protestant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307152119#Events", "title": "1746 in Ireland", "revid": 1307152119, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 10", "text": "10 November – Protestant \"manifesto of intolerance\" (\"Black Petition\") against Roman Catholics signed in Galway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1248865677#Events", "title": "1761 in Ireland", "revid": 1248865677, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 30", "text": "30 April – acts grant security to Protestants who have acquired property from Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247385743#Events", "title": "1762 in Ireland", "revid": 1247385743, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, arrives in Guangzhou (Canton).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#July–September", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "19–25 April – public theological debates in Dublin between Revs. R. T. P. Pope (Protestant) and Thomas Maguire (Roman Catholic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487247#Events", "title": "1827 in Ireland", "revid": 1359487247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese Union, an early Chinese Protestant Christian missionary society that was involved in preaching to Chinese and sending Chinese workers to mainland China during the late Qing dynasty was founded by Karl Gützlaff in 1844, Hong Kong", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369295770#Events", "title": "1844 in China", "revid": 1369295770, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Ongoing – Great Famine. This summer's potato crop is free from blight, but inadequate due to small area sown. The British Relief Association is founded and raises money throughout England, the United States and Australia, with the help of the \"Queen's Letters\", two letters from Queen Victoria appealing for money to relieve the distress in Ireland. A group of Native American Choctaw is among those contributing to the relief effort. The Central Relief Committee of the Society of Friends (Quakers) also assists, but there are claims of \"Souperism\" (the provision of food in combination with proselytization) by other Protestant sectarian groups.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360407146#Events", "title": "1847 in Ireland", "revid": 1360407146, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 12", "text": "12 July – in Belfast, confrontations between crowds of Catholics and Protestants turn into 10 days of rioting, exacerbated by the open-air preaching of Evangelical Presbyterian minister \"Roaring\" Hugh Hanna, with many of the police force joining the Protestant side. There are also riots in Derry, Portadown and Lurgan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319018332#Events", "title": "1857 in Ireland", "revid": 1319018332, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 7", "text": "7 June - The Presbyterian Church in Chile is founded. It is the first Protestant church in Chile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243706348#June", "title": "1868 in Chile", "revid": 1243706348, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 15", "text": "15 January – Priscilla Studd, Protestant Christian missionary, died in Spain (born 1864).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341911749#Deaths", "title": "1929 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1341911749, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May", "text": "May–September – Fethard-on-Sea Ne Temere boycott: a Roman Catholic priest and some of his parishioners organised a boycott of Protestant-owned local businesses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299548#Events", "title": "1957 in Ireland", "revid": 1363299548, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 27", "text": "27 January – Reverend Ian Paisley, hardline Protestant leader in Northern Ireland, is jailed for three months for illegal assembly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363919367#Events", "title": "1969 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1363919367, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "5 January - Kingsmill massacre: ten Protestant men killed in South Armagh, Northern Ireland, by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), using the cover name \"South Armagh Republican Action Force\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312432293#Events", "title": "1976 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1312432293, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Spain grants Protestantism and Judaism legal equality with the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#February", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11: Islamists ransacked and burned a Protestant church in Tizi Ouzou. El Watan reported that parishioners fled the temple after local police failed to protect the Pentecostal temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373007630#January", "title": "2010 in Algeria", "revid": 1373007630, "section": "Events › January"}}]}