{"slug": "pope", "label": "Pope", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19546", "qid": "Q19546", "description": "bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic church", "entries": 47, "years": 44, "span": [67, 1988], "span_label": ["67 CE", "1988 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 39}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Bishop of Rome", "Papacy", "Papal", "Pope of Rome"], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "avignon", "label": "Avignon", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "whigs-british-political-party", "label": "Whigs (British political party)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "naples", "label": "Naples", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-gregory-iii", "label": "Pope Gregory III", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "archbishop", "label": "Archbishop", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-paul-vi", "label": "Pope Paul VI", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-vii-of-france", "label": "Charles VII of France", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Linus succeeds Peter, as the second Bishop of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Religion", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antipope Felix II dies after a 9-year reign, ending the double occupancy of the papacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Religion", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 410, "year_label": "410 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gelasius I, Pope in Catholic church (d. 496)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642022#Births", "title": "410", "revid": 1367642022, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 437, "year_label": "437 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the Pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and Pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205048#Religion", "title": "437", "revid": 1349205048, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 495, "year_label": "495 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops, in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I's efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907640#Religion", "title": "495", "revid": 1364907640, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 525, "year_label": "525 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pope Benedict I, Pope of Catholic church (d. 579)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792024#Births", "title": "525", "revid": 1340792024, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 671, "year_label": "671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Perctarit returns to Lombardy from exile and reclaims his realm, which is being ruled on behalf of Garibald, since his father King Grimoald I died. He deposes the young king, and becomes the new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy. During his reign Perctarit makes Catholicism the official religion, but does not recognize papal authority. Grimoald is buried in the St. Ambrogio Church (Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805234#Europe", "title": "671", "revid": 1340805234, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid returns to Northumbria, with papal support, but is imprisoned by King Ecgfrith, and again exiled. He travels to the Kingdom of Sussex and begins to evangelise the people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Religion", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Constantine I, Pope of Rome (b. 664)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Deaths", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 728, "year_label": "728 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand of the Lombards occupies all of the Exarchate of Ravenna. He advances towards Rome along the Via Cassia, and is met at the city of Sutri by Pope Gregory II, near the borders of the Duchy of Rome. Liutprand signs the Donation of Sutri, by which parts of Latium are given to the papacy (the first extension of papal territory in Italy). This marks the historical foundation of the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808673#Europe", "title": "728", "revid": 1340808673, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III confiscates the papal territories in Sicily and Calabria (Southern Italy), from which Pope Gregory III derives most of his income tax. He transfers ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. By now the break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Duke Thrasimund II recovers the duchy of Spoleto and kills Hilderic with Papal-Beneventian aid. He does not return the confiscated papal cities, and his alliance with Pope Gregory III ruptures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Kings Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex call the Synod of Chelsea in Kent, which is attended by the Papal legates. There, Offa persuades the Papacy to grant Archepiscopal status to the Mercian See of Lichfield. In order to secure the royal succession, he has Hygeberht crown his son Ecgfrith king of Mercia at Brixworth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Britain", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – The Synod of Clofesho (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary bishopric, with papal permission obtained by King Coenwulf of Mercia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Religion", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 823, "year_label": "823 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Lothair I, eldest son of Emperor Louis I, is crowned co-emperor again by Pope Paschal I at Rome (initiating the papal practice of handing the imperial sword over, as a symbol of temporal power in the Holy Roman Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073980#Europe", "title": "823", "revid": 1267073980, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 864, "year_label": "864 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Louis II (the Younger) marches with a Frankish army against Rome. While en route to the papal city, he becomes ill, and decides to make peace with Pope Nicholas I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365939843#Europe", "title": "864", "revid": 1365939843, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1014, "year_label": "1014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass, after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it – together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed has not been used at all during the liturgy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212610#Religion", "title": "1014", "revid": 1342212610, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope, after a diplomatic mediation by Venetian doge Sebastiano Ziani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273054652#January–December", "title": "1177", "revid": 1273054652, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constance, Holy Roman Empress is released by Tancred, King of Sicily under the pressure of Pope Celestine III in May, and returns to Germany in June.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#Events", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1300, "year_label": "1300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – The Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII is celebrated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1285400998#Religion", "title": "1300 in Italy", "revid": 1285400998, "section": "Religion"}}, {"year": 1342, "year_label": "1342 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Pope Clement VI succeeds Pope Benedict XII, as the 198th Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358078138#January–December", "title": "1342", "revid": 1358078138, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and shortly afterwards dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#October–December", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Following the death of Pope Gregory XI, and riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who are mostly French, meet in a papal conclave and elect an Italian from Naples, Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari, as the 202nd Pope. Prignano takes the regnal name Pope Urban VI, and is the last Pope of the Roman Catholic Church to have been elected from outside of the College of Cardinals. The French cardinals then flee from Rome before the populace learns that a non-Roman was picked, and return to Avignon, beginning the Western Schism, a 39-year period where rival popes are selected at Avignon and Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#April–June", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The Medici family are made official bankers of the Papacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#January–March", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#July–September", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 7", "text": "7 July – Charles VII issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges which regulates the relationship between France and the Papacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372153383#Events", "title": "1438 in France", "revid": 1372153383, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1498, "year_label": "1498 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363338704#April–June", "title": "1498", "revid": 1363338704, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 - King Francis I creates the League of Cognac to unite France with Florence, Venice, Milan and the Papacy against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736371#Events", "title": "1526 in France", "revid": 1353736371, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Mary I is proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland following the death of Edward VI, leading to restoration of Papal authority (until 1558).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369477949#Events", "title": "1553 in Ireland", "revid": 1369477949, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 23", "text": "23 May - Election of Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa), 223rd Pope of the Catholic Church (end of the pontificate in 1559). He succeeds Pope Marcellus II, dead after 22 days of reign. He reforms the Dataria and the Inquisition. Coming from an ancient Neapolitan family, traditionally hostile to the Aragonese, he makes an alliance with the King of France to expel the Habsburgs from Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736563#Events", "title": "1555 in France", "revid": 1353736563, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The Union of Brest: The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnieper becomes known as the Ukrainian Rite of Catholicism, whereas the East officially renounces the authority of the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#October–December", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Tobias Hess corresponds with Simon Studion and agrees with him that the Papacy must fall in 1604.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#Date_unknown", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Papacy is expected to fall this year by Tobias Hess and Simon Studion according to their correspondence in 1597.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#Religion", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › Religion"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King James of England denounces the Roman Catholic Church after learning from one of his spies, Sir Anthony Standen, that Queen Anne has been sent a rosary from the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#January–March", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 18", "text": "18 August – Parliament passes \"An Ordinance for Explanation of a former Ordinance for Sequestration of Delinquents Estates with some Enlargements\", including an \"Oath of Abjuration\" of the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737179#Events", "title": "1643 in England", "revid": 1353737179, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 26", "text": "26 June – Parliament reinforces the \"Oath of Abjuration\": anyone refusing to swear an oath to renounce the Pope's supremacy is to be \"adjudged a Papist\" and suffer confiscation of two-thirds of their property.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X, as the 240th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#July–September", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "17 November – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737517#Events", "title": "1679 in England", "revid": 1353737517, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the British Whigs, organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#October–December", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "17 November – the Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737535#Events", "title": "1680 in England", "revid": 1353737535, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April", "text": "April – The Jacobite pretender to the British throne James Stuart is forced to leave France due to the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht. He takes up residence in the Papal exclave in Avignon and later moves to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738069#Events", "title": "1716 in France", "revid": 1353738069, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – as part of the Triple Alliance treaty between Britain and France, James Stuart leaves France and seeks refuge with the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738082#Events", "title": "1717 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738082, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Leo XIII is filmed, making him the first ever Pope to be filmed and the earliest-born person to be captured on film. (Note: to view the event in the video above, go to timestamp 3:07)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#Date_unknown", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 11", "text": "11 August – A group of 9 priests, 3 nuns and 200 lay people identified with the Christians for Socialism current take over the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago as a protest against the visit of Pope Paul VI to the International Eucharistic Congress in Bogotá (Colombia), the prohibition of contraceptives and the construction of the Votive Temple of Maipú. On the altar, the group places posters of Che Guevara and Camilo Torres, while outside they display a canvas with the legend \"For a church next to the people and their struggle\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363859816#August", "title": "1968 in Chile", "revid": 1363859816, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Pope Paul VI arrives in Entebbe, Uganda for the first visit by a reigning Pope to Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#July", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – During a meeting in the Vatican City, Pope John Paul II announces to the representatives of Chile and Argentina his proposed resolution of the Beagle Conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243704716#December", "title": "1980 in Chile", "revid": 1243704716, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône, Switzerland, for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#June", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › June"}}]}