{"slug": "piraeus", "label": "Piraeus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58976", "qid": "Q58976", "description": "city and port of Attica region, Greece", "entries": 20, "years": 19, "span": [-492, 1981], "span_label": ["493 BCE", "1981 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Pireaus"], "related": [{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parthenon", "label": "Parthenon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "attica", "label": "Attica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ancient-greece", "label": "Ancient Greece", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "classical-athens", "label": "Classical Athens", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "themistocles", "label": "Themistocles", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lemnos", "label": "Lemnos", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thrasybulus", "label": "Thrasybulus", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "imbros", "label": "Imbros", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "morean-war", "label": "Morean War", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Themistocles starts the construction of a fortified naval base at Piraeus, the port town of Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Greece", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks, whose Athenian general Themistocles lures the Persians into the Bay of Salamis, between the Athenian port-city of Piraeus and the island of Salamis. The Greek triremes then attack furiously, ramming or sinking many Persian vessels and boarding others. The Greeks sink about 200 Persian vessels while losing only about 40 of their own. The rest of the Persian fleet is scattered, and as a result Xerxes has to postpone his planned land offensives for a year, a delay that gives the Greek city-states time to unite against him. Aeschylus fights on the winning side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Greece", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -457, "year_label": "458 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians start constructing the Long Walls to protect the route from the main city to their main port (Piraeus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306222884#Greece", "title": "458 BC", "revid": 1306222884, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -456, "year_label": "457 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens goes on to defeat Aegina later in the year, and to finish the construction of the Long Walls to the Athenian port of Piraeus (an action opposed by Sparta).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371321391#Greece", "title": "457 BC", "revid": 1371321391, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Pericles begins a great building plan including the re-fortification of Athens main port Piraeus and its long walls extending to Athens main city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -447, "year_label": "448 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians begin constructing the middle component of the Long Walls from their main city to its port of Piraeus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272690289#Greece", "title": "448 BC", "revid": 1272690289, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -446, "year_label": "447 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The middle component of the Long Walls from Athens to the port of Piraeus is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1196799197#Greece", "title": "447 BC", "revid": 1196799197, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -410, "year_label": "411 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When a mutiny breaks out amongst the troops who are fortifying Piraeus (the harbour for Athens), the Council sends Theramenes to quell it. Instead, he puts himself at the head of the mutineers. After Phrynichus, the leader of the extremists, is assassinated, an ensuing meeting of the Athenian Assembly deposes the Council and restores the traditional constitution, but restricts some of the privileges of citizenship to a body called the Five Thousand. The Assembly resumes its old form in being a committee of all citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210116731#Greece", "title": "411 BC", "revid": 1210116731, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan king Pausanias lays siege to Athens while Lysander's fleet blockades Piraeus. This action closes the grain route through the Hellespont, thereby starving Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -402, "year_label": "403 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Piraeus is fought between Athenian exiles, who have defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus, and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans narrowly defeat the exiles, with both sides suffering large numbers of casualties. After the battle, the Agiad King of Sparta, Pausanias arranges a settlement between the two parties which allows the reunification of Athens and Piraeus, and the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens. The remaining oligarchic Thirty Tyrants are allowed to flee to Eleusis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246106639#Greece", "title": "403 BC", "revid": 1246106639, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Pharnabazus dispatches Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to Attica, where he joins in the rebuilding of the long walls from Athens to Piraeus, a project that had been initiated by Thrasybulus in the previous year. The construction is soon completed and Athens quickly takes advantage of its walls and its fleet to seize the islands of Scyros, Imbros, and Lemnos, on which it establishes cleruchies (citizen colonies).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Greece", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Spartan attempt to seize Piraeus brings Athens closer to Thebes. The Athenian mercenary commander Chabrias successfully faces off the larger army of Agesilaus II near Thebes. At the advance of Agesilaus' forces, instead of giving the order to charge, Chabrias famously orders his men at ease—with the spear remaining pointing upwards instead of towards the enemy, and the shield leaning against the left knee instead of being hoisted against the shoulder. The command is followed immediately and without question by the mercenaries under his command, to be copied by their counterparts beside them, the elite Sacred Band of Thebes under the command of Gorgidas. This \"show of contempt\" stops the advancing Spartan forces, and shortly afterwards Agesilaus withdraws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Greece", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -321, "year_label": "322 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, regains his citizenship so that he and Phocion can negotiate a peace with Antipater, thus concluding the Lamian War. Before setting out he persuades the citizens of Athens to pass the death sentence upon Demosthenes and his followers (including Hypereides, leader of the Athenian patriotic party). Demades' embassy results in a peace disadvantageous to the Athenians, with the Athenians forced to accept the occupation of Athens' port, Piraeus, by the Macedonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316405653#Greece", "title": "322 BC", "revid": 1316405653, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the beginning of June (the 26th day of the Attic month of Thargelion: Plut. Dem. 8,3) Demetrius, son of Antigonus, launches a surprise attack on Pireaus, Athens' harbour; his forces are able to secure control of the entire port city, except the fortress on the Munychia which remains in the hands of Dionysius, the commander of Cassander's garrison in Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#Greece", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – In the fourth year of the Ottoman–Venetian War, Admiral Vettore Cappello of the Republic of Venice Navy lands on the Greek mainland at Piraeus and the Venetians begin marching toward Athens to free it from Ottoman control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#July–September", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Morean War: The Venetian forces under Francesco Morosini evacuate Athens and Piraeus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, claiming they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, \"with many boxes of moulds and sculptures\", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#January–March", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "5 January – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, where they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, \"with many boxes of moulds and sculptures\", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360275247#Events", "title": "1802 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360275247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 18", "text": "18 January – Don Pacifico affair: Lord Palmerston, the Foreign Secretary, sends a Royal Navy squadron to blockade the port of Piraeus in the Aegean Sea in defence of the interests of a British citizen, causing a diplomatic incident with Russia and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365774110#Events", "title": "1850 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1365774110, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – In Greece, 20 fans of Olympiacos F.C. and 1 fan of AEK Athens die, while 54 are injured, after a stampede at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, possibly because Gate 7 does not open immediately after the end of the game.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#February", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › February"}}]}