{"slug": "peter-the-great", "label": "Peter the Great", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8479", "qid": "Q8479", "description": "Tsar/Emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725", "entries": 52, "years": 33, "span": [1669, 1837], "span_label": ["1669 CE", "1837 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Peter I of Russia"], "related": [{"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "saint-petersburg", "label": "Saint Petersburg", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "swedish-empire", "label": "Swedish Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "denmarknorway", "label": "Denmark–Norway", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "catherine-i-of-russia", "label": "Catherine I of Russia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "tsardom-of-russia", "label": "Tsardom of Russia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "electorate-of-saxony", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "king-of-poland", "label": "King of Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "augustus-ii-the-strong", "label": "Augustus II the Strong", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Eudoxia Lopukhina, first wife of Peter the Great of Russia (d. 1731)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#Births", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – The Tsar Alexis of Russia marries Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, who gives birth 16 months later to the future Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#January–March", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Emperor Peter the Great of Russia (d. 1725)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#Births", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1682, "year_label": "1682 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 (April 27 O.S.) – Upon the death of the Tsar Feodor III of Russia, Feodor's younger brother, 15-year-old Ivan is passed over in favor of a half-brother, 10-year-old Peter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560956#April–June", "title": "1682", "revid": 1369560956, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V and Peter I. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#Date_unknown", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture, when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great plots to overthrow his half-sister Sophia as regent of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#Date_unknown", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Peter the Great decrees the construction of the Great Siberian Road to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#October–December", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Grand Embassy of Peter the Great: Tsar Peter the Great of Russia sets out to travel in Europe incognito, as Artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#January–March", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 11", "text": "11 January–21 April – Czar Peter I of Russia visits England as part of his Grand Embassy, making a particular study of shipbuilding.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737798#Events", "title": "1698 in England", "revid": 1353737798, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Peter the Great arrives back in Moscow; General Patrick Gordon has already crushed the Streltsy Uprising, with 341 rebels sentenced to be decapitated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – In an effort to move his people away from Asiatic customs, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a beard tax.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#October–December", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Peter the Great orders the Russian New Year changed, from September 1 (the start of the Byzantine year) to January 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#October–December", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323720034#Events", "title": "1700 in Sweden", "revid": 1323720034, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 (Gregorian), February 12 (Julian) – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 O.S.) – The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#July–September", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 OS) – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark-Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323720034#Events", "title": "1700 in Sweden", "revid": 1323720034, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great assaults and captures the island fortress of Nöteborg, renaming it Shlisselburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943300#Undated", "title": "1703 in Russia", "revid": 1330943300, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 16 OS) – The city of Saint Petersburg, Russia is founded, following Peter the Great's reconquest of Ingria from Sweden during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#April–June", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Great Northern War: Russian troops under Tsar Peter the Great capture Tartu and Narva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great introduces a beard tax, requiring others to pay a fee and carry a medal; with those without tokens to be fined by the local law enforcement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509872#Undated", "title": "1705 in Russia", "revid": 1341509872, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 7", "text": "7 February - Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Elder daughter of Emperor Peter I, the Great of Russia and his wife Empress Catherine I. (d. 1728)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943263#Births", "title": "1708 in Russia", "revid": 1330943263, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 (O.S.); September 29 (Swedish calendar); October 9 (N.S.) – Great Northern War: Battle of Lesnaya – Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#July–December", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; July 8 New Style) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava: In Ukraine, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, defeats Charles XII of Sweden, thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279556187#Events", "title": "1709 in Sweden", "revid": 1279556187, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Founding of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra Monastery, established by Peter The Great in 1710.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340687908#Events", "title": "1710 in Russia", "revid": 1340687908, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Peter The Great took the first census in 1710 that was habitation-based, primality counting the number of \"homesteads\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340687908#Events", "title": "1710 in Russia", "revid": 1340687908, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Founding of the Trångsund Fortress, established by Peter The Great in 1710.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340687908#Events", "title": "1710 in Russia", "revid": 1340687908, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Peter the Great moves the capital of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – (February 17 old style) Russia's Tsar Peter the Great issues a decree requiring compulsory education in mathematics for children of government officials and nobility, applying to children between the ages of 10 and 15 years old.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Tsar Peter the Great of Russia witnesses the attempt of 45 Dutch and English ships to enter the small harbour at Saint Petersburg and decides that additional harbours are necessary for Russia to be able import Western goods.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave, at Leiden University.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#Date_unknown", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great visits Copenhagen. He ascends the Round Tower on horseback while visiting Copenhagen. His wife, Catherine I, reportedly ascended behind him in a carriage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348311274#Undated", "title": "1716 in Denmark", "revid": 1348311274, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, eldest son of the Tsar Peter the Great and heir to the throne, flees from Saint Petersburg with his mistress, Efrosinya Fedorova, along with her brother and three servants. After spending more than a year in Austria, he returns to Russia where he is arrested and dies in prison in 1718.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#July–September", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, began in Tallinn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#July–September", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – The Red Canal is opened in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, after seven years of construction, at a ceremony in the presence of the Tsar Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#October–December", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#October_–December", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great of Russia creates the Table of Ranks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#Date_unknown", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, announces that his heir to the throne will be his 4-year old grandson, Prince Pyotr Alekseivich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#January–March", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 (July 15 O.S.) – The Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) begins with Peter the Great's Persian campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#July–September", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 (November 4 O.S.) – Russia's Emperor Peter the Great issues an order establishing the Caspian Flotilla during its war against Persia to gain complete control of the landlocked Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#October–December", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Russian Emperor Peter the Great authorizes an incentive for men of Serbia to join a new Russian Imperial Army unit, the Serbian Hussar Regiment. The Emperor sends Jovan Albanez to recruit new officers and troops with a grant of farmable land in Russia, and 1,070 take advantage of the offer over the next two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#October–December", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named tsaritsa by her husband, Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#January–March", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Peter the Great sends Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349952946#Events", "title": "1725 in Canada", "revid": 1349952946, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – (January 28 Old Style) Catherine I becomes Empress of Russia on the death of her husband, Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#January–March", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Emperor Peter I of Russia (b. 1672)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#Deaths", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The Order of St. Anna is established in Russia, in honor of the daughter of Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#January–March", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Elizabeth I reconfirms a Ukase issued by Peter the Great and expels Jews from the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363339861#Events", "title": "1742 in Russia", "revid": 1363339861, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – The first of the Kronstadt canals, conceived by Peter the Great and designed to link two of the harbors of the Russian city, is completed and opened to maritime traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Bronze Horseman, sculpture of Peter the Great, unveiled in St. Petersburg", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367236285#Events", "title": "1782 in Russia", "revid": 1367236285, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Nicholas I is the first reigning Russian monarch to tour the Caucuses region since Peter I, 115 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371628065#Events", "title": "1837 in Russia", "revid": 1371628065, "section": "Events"}}]}