{"slug": "pergamon", "label": "Pergamon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18986", "qid": "Q18986", "description": "ancient city of Ionia in modern-day Turkey and UNESCO World Heritage Site", "entries": 57, "years": 49, "span": [-342, 1147], "span_label": ["343 BCE", "1147 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 35}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Pergamum"], "related": [{"slug": "attalus-i", "label": "Attalus I", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "seleucid-empire", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "eumenes-ii", "label": "Eumenes II", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "attalus-ii-philadelphus", "label": "Attalus II Philadelphus", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "rhodes", "label": "Rhodes", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "bithynia", "label": "Bithynia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "galatia", "label": "Galatia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Philetaerus, founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamum in Anatolia (approximate date) (d. 263 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Births", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -301, "year_label": "302 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Macedonian general, Philetaerus, moves his allegiance from Antigonus to Antigonus' rival, Lysimachus. In return, Lysimachus makes Philetaerus guardian of the fortress of Pergamum with its treasure of some 9,000 talents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372589595#Asia_Minor", "title": "302 BC", "revid": 1372589595, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -281, "year_label": "282 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313148199#Asia_Minor", "title": "282 BC", "revid": 1313148199, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes I succeeds his uncle Philetaerus on the throne of Pergamum. As Philetaerus is a eunuch, he adopts his nephew Eumenes (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes) as his successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Asia_Minor", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -262, "year_label": "263 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philetaerus, founder (reigned from 282 BC) of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamum, in northwest Asia Minor (b. c. 343 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948852#Deaths", "title": "263 BC", "revid": 1325948852, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus I tries to break the growing power of Pergamum by force of arms. Eumenes I, the new ruler of Pergamum, liberates his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids by defeating the army of Antiochus I near Sardis (the capital of Lydia), and thereby establishing an independent city-state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Attalus I Soter succeeds his uncle, Eumenes I, to the throne of Pergamum. He defeats the Galatians at the Battle of the Caecus River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Pergamum", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Pergamum"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes I, ruler of Pergamum from 263 BC, liberator of the city from the overlordship of the Seleucids", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Deaths", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -237, "year_label": "238 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A joint Seleucid-Galatian invasion of Pergamon is defeated at the Battle of Aphrodisium", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342094383#Persia", "title": "238 BC", "revid": 1342094383, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -234, "year_label": "235 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Under King Attalus I, Pergamum begins to build up its power and importance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342603103#Asia_Minor", "title": "235 BC", "revid": 1342603103, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Asia_Minor", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Attalus I Soter of Pergamum defeats Antiochus Hierax (brother of the Seleucid king Seleucus II) in three battles and thereby gains control over all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia except Cilicia in the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Asia_Minor", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -224, "year_label": "225 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus III Ceraunus succeeds his father Seleucus II Callinicus as ruler of the Seleucid dynasty, and takes up the task of reconquering Pergamum in Anatolia from Attalus. However, Andromachus, the first general whom he sends, is decisively defeated and captured by Attalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368090005#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "225 BC", "revid": 1368090005, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -222, "year_label": "223 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Seleucus III is assassinated by members of his army while on campaign against Attalus of Pergamon in Phrygia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243366265#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "223 BC", "revid": 1243366265, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -221, "year_label": "222 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seleucid forces under their general Achaeus succeed in winning back all the Seleucid domains in Asia Minor (lost six years earlier to Pergamum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295080485#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "222 BC", "revid": 1295080485, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III's commander in Anatolia, Achaeus, having recovered all the districts which Attalus of Pergamum has gained, is accused by Hermeias, the chief minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt. In self-defence, Achaeus assumes the title of king and rules over the Anatolian parts of the Seleucid kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Anatolia", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Anatolia"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon (d. 138 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Births", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, crosses the Taurus Mountains, uniting his forces with Attalus of Pergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general, Achaeus, of all his dominions and takes Sardis (with the exception of the citadel).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -212, "year_label": "213 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698514#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "213 BC", "revid": 1352698514, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Greece", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -204, "year_label": "205 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Peace of Phoenice prohibits Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea, so the king turns his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he starts to build a large fleet. After concluding the First Macedonian War, Philip of Macedon, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, forms an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan pirates who begin raiding Rhodian ships. The Cretan War begins between Philips' Macedonians, the Aetolian League, several Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna are the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853505#Greece", "title": "205 BC", "revid": 1361853505, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Greece", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica, causing Athens, which has previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip. Attalus I of Pergamum, who is with his fleet at Aegina, receives an embassy from Athens asking him to come to the city for consultations. After he is told that Roman ambassadors are also in Athens, Attalus goes there in haste.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Greece", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Greece", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II becomes King of Pergamum following the death of his father Attalus I Soter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Asia_Minor", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attalus I Soter, ruler of Pergamum from 241 BC, who has taken on the title of king after about 230 BC. Through his military and diplomatic skills, he has created a powerful kingdom in Anatolia (b. 269 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Deaths", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Anatolia", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Anatolia"}}, {"year": -194, "year_label": "195 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Gythium is fought between Sparta and a coalition of Rome, Rhodes, the Achaean League and Pergamum. As the port of Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out; however, the proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result, Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115647#Greece", "title": "195 BC", "revid": 1300115647, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon, along with Rhodes, Pergamum, and the Achaean League, join Rome against Antiochus III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -192, "year_label": "193 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1213018923#Greece", "title": "193 BC", "revid": 1213018923, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Greece", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -188, "year_label": "189 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370483432#Asia_Minor", "title": "189 BC", "revid": 1370483432, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Asia_Minor", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -185, "year_label": "186 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368172407#Asia_Minor", "title": "186 BC", "revid": 1368172407, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Asia_Minor", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey, begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Art", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Greece", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Greece", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Art", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -158, "year_label": "159 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus succeeds his brother Eumenes II as king of Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282394740#Greece", "title": "159 BC", "revid": 1282394740, "section": "Events › Greece"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a two-year struggle, Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum is finally able to defeat Prusias II, the aggressive king of Bithynia in northern Anatolia. He is assisted in his battle against Prusias II by Ariarathes V of Cappadocia (who has sent his son Demetrius to command his forces) and by the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Asia_Minor", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been \"discovered\" by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicomedes, the son of king Prusias II of Bithynia, who has been sent to Rome to argue for smaller reparations arising from his father's unsuccessful war against Pergamum, gains the support of the Roman Senate to the point where Prusias sends an emissary with secret orders to assassinate Nicomedes. However, the emissary reveals the plot to Nicomedes and persuades him to rebel against his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Asia_Minor", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Attalus III succeeds Attalus II as Attalid king of Pergamon", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Asia_Minor", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon (b. 220 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#Deaths", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Kingdom of Pergamum is deeded to Rome, Aristonicus starts a rebellion against this.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Roman_Republic", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Attalus III, king of Pergamon. In his will, he makes the people of Rome his heirs (b. 170 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#Deaths", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -130, "year_label": "131 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During Aristonicus of Pergamon uprising against Rome, the consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354421595#Roman_Republic", "title": "131 BC", "revid": 1354421595, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -129, "year_label": "130 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Consul Marcus Perperna defeats Aristonicus in battle, besieges him at Stratonicea, dies at Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328907388#Roman_Republic", "title": "130 BC", "revid": 1328907388, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#The_Roman_Republic", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › The Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon. On his way across the Aegean Sea, he is kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. The young Caesar is held for a ransom of twenty talents, but he insists they ask for fifty. After his release Caesar raises a fleet at Miletus, pursues and crucifies the pirates in Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Greece", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": 262, "year_label": "262 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake strikes Ephesus and Pergamon and another strikes Cyrene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890529#Roman_Empire", "title": "262", "revid": 1325890529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius, a nephew of the former Emperor Constantine IX, tries to usurp the Byzantine throne, and liberates all the prisoners who flock to his banner. With their support, he marches through the streets of Constantinople to the Palace. There, the Varangian Guard forms outside to stop him. Theodosius loses heart and heads for Hagia Sophia. Later he is captured, and exiled to Pergamon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via Pergamon and Smyrna to Ephesus, where they celebrate Christmas. Conrad, still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}]}