{"slug": "parma", "label": "Parma", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2683", "qid": "Q2683", "description": "city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna", "entries": 11, "years": 11, "span": [-182, 1922], "span_label": ["183 BCE", "1922 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "modena", "label": "Modena", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "piacenza", "label": "Piacenza", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lombard-league", "label": "Lombard League", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "genoa", "label": "Genoa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pisa", "label": "Pisa", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "colonia-roman", "label": "Colonia (Roman)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alemanni", "label": "Alemanni", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -182, "year_label": "183 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698344#Roman_Republic", "title": "183 BC", "revid": 1352698344, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50 km south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Frankish invasion — Two Frankish-Alemanni dukes, brothers Lothair and Buccelin, cross the Alps from Germany with a force of 75,000 men, mostly Frankish infantry. In the Po Valley, they win an easy victory over a much smaller Byzantine force at Parma, and are joined by remnants of the Gothic armies, bringing the total strength of the invaders to about 90,000 men. Narses, gathering his forces as quickly as possible, marches north to harass the Franks, but is not strong enough to engage them in battle. In Samnium (Southern Italy) the brothers divide their forces: Lothaire goes down the east coast, then returns to the north, to winter in the Po Valley. Buccelin follows the west coast into Calabria, where he spends the winter — his army being seriously wasted by attrition and disease.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Europe", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 824, "year_label": "824 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Adelard becomes the new Duke of Spoleto upon the death of his father, Suppo I, who ruled much of Italy including Brescia, Parma, Piacenza, Modena, and Bergamo. Adelard reigns for only five months before dying in August.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361215157#By_date", "title": "824", "revid": 1361215157, "section": "Events › By date"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Europe", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Europe", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1300, "year_label": "1300 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Gerard Segarelli, Italian founder of the Apostolic Brethren, is burned at the stake in Parma during a brutal repression of the Apostolics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363832742#July_–_September", "title": "1300", "revid": 1363832742, "section": "July – September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – In the Italian War, the Holy Roman Empire abandons its siege of the French-controlled city of Parma after 17 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#July–September", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The 3,000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, is built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#Date_unknown", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February–March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#January–March", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "1–3 August – The \"anti-Fascist legalitarian strike\" brings the country on the brink of civil war. The strike is called off on 2 August. Fights break out in Milan, Genova, and Ancona, which are occupied by Fascist militias. In Parma a series of battles, known as the Parma Barricades, between anti-fascist forces of the Arditi del Popolo and the Proletarian Defense Formations against the fascist Blackshirts take place from 2-6 August. On 6 August, the fascists passed control of public order to the army, pledging to withdraw, but the fascist siege of Parma persisted for three more months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286232381#August", "title": "1922 in Italy", "revid": 1286232381, "section": "Events › August"}}]}