{"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130737", "qid": "Q1130737", "description": "legislature of the Kingdom of England (1215-1707)", "entries": 100, "years": 72, "span": [1264, 1708], "span_label": ["1264 CE", "1708 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 79}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["English Parliament"], "related": [{"slug": "parliament-of-scotland", "label": "Parliament of Scotland", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "westminster", "label": "Westminster", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "anne-queen-of-great-britain", "label": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "parliament-of-great-britain", "label": "Parliament of Great Britain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "henry-viii", "label": "Henry VIII", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "charles-ii-of-england", "label": "Charles II of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Simon de Montfort summons Parliament in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In France, Queen Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#British_Isles", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Chesterfield: English forces led by Henry of Almain, son of Richard of Cornwall, defeat rebels under Robert de Ferrers in a minor skirmish at Chesterfield. Robert is taken as a prisoner to London, and at the Parliament of England disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund Crouchback, second son of King Henry III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#England", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The first Statute of Westminster, drawn up between Parliament and Edward I, defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in 1274 into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of Bailable and non-bailable offenses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#British_Isles", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Second Statute of Westminster is accepted in parliament, reforming various laws; it includes the clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#England", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Piers Gaveston is exiled for the second time by the Parliament, due to possible corruption and exploited personal gains. As compensation for the loss of the Earldom of Cornwall, which is another condition of his exile, Gaveston is granted land worth 3,000 marks annually in Gascony. Further to this, he is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland – so that a certain amount of honour can be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile. Gaveston is also threatened with ex-communication by Pope Clement V. Edward II accompanies him to Bristol, from where he sets sail for Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#April_–_June", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1308, "year_label": "1308 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The English Parliament begins its fourth session of the reign of King Edward II and meets at Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367315343#October_–_December", "title": "1308", "revid": 1367315343, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The Parliament of England presents the Ordinances of 1311 to King Edward II (document dated 5 October; published on 11 October); these substitute the 21 Lord Ordainers for the King as the effective government of the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#July_–_September", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The English Parliament is called into session for the fourth time in less than 12 months, after three unsuccessful attempts to assemble members. King Edward II persuades the session to pass a tax bill for revenues to be collected by the following June in order to finance a new campaign against Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#July_–_September", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1325, "year_label": "1325 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – King Edward II calls for representatives of the three estates (including the knights representative) to meet at Westminster for a session of the English Parliament, beginning on November 18 to discuss the matter of the failure of his wife, Queen Isabella, to return from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366485647#October_–_December", "title": "1325", "revid": 1366485647, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – King Edward III summons the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble on June 3 for a session of the English Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#April–June", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – King Edward II summons the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble at Westminster for a one-month session of the English Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#January–March", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – As regent for the 11-year-old King Richard II of England, his mother Joan of Kent summons the English Parliament, directing the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble at Gloucester on October 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1380, "year_label": "1380 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – King Richard II of England summons the English Parliament five months after the dissolution of the previous meeting, and directs the members of the House of Commons and House of Lords to assemble on November 5 at Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360515041#July–September", "title": "1380", "revid": 1360515041, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – King Richard II issues a summons for the Lords and members of the House of Commons to assemble for the English Parliament, to convene on February 23.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#January–March", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1409, "year_label": "1409 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – King Henry IV of England summons the English Parliament to assemble, starting on January 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998092#October–December", "title": "1409", "revid": 1361998092, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The English Parliament is assembled after being summoned by King Henry IV, and again elects Thomas Chaucer as Speaker of the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#October–December", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The English Parliament is opened by King Henry V for an 8-day session.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#October–December", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – The first session, in almost two years, of the English Parliament is opened by King Henry V. The House of Commons re-elects Roger Flower as its speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#October–December", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20–King Henry V summons the English Parliament for the last time in his life, directing the members to assemble at Westminster on December 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#October–December", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Duke of Bedford Regent for King Henry VI of England, summons the members of Parliament to assemble at Westminster on November 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#July–September", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – The new English Parliament session is opened at Westminster by the regents for King Henry VI of England, and Sir John Russell is elected by his peers as Speaker of the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#April–June", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The English Parliament assembles at Westminster, and Roger Hunt is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#July–September", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – The regents for King Henry VI summon members of the English Parliament to assemble on January 21 at Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#October–December", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1437, "year_label": "1437 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21– The English Parliament, summoned in the name of King Henry VI on October 29, assembles at Westminster. The House of Commons elects the ailing John Tyrrell as its Speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358546204#January–March", "title": "1437", "revid": 1358546204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – After a session of eight months that had started on July 9, 1455, the English Parliament adjourns at Westminster. Royal assent is given by King Henry VI to bills passed, including the Importation Act 1455, banning the import for the next five years of woven silk goods (including ribbons and girdles) that had been manufactured outside of England, and subjecting importers to heavy fines. and the Embezzlement Act, allowing civil remedies by executors of estates to recover goods that had been stolen by servants from their masters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#January–March", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1464, "year_label": "1464 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The English Parliament opens its second session during the reign of King Edward IV, gathering at Westminster, and will remain in session until March 28, 1465.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367795127#January–March", "title": "1464", "revid": 1367795127, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1465, "year_label": "1465 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – King Edward IV gives royal assent to acts passed by the English Parliament, including the Pattens Act 1464, regulating the manufacture of pattens, shoes with wooden soles and heels, and leather covering, declaring that \"Patten-makers may make pattens of such asp as is not fit for shafts.\" The law is among several given royal assent to regulate clothing, including the Cloths Act, the Exportation of Wool Act and Contracting for Wool Act and the Shoemakers Act. The parliament, in session since April 29, 1463, closes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370409749#January–March", "title": "1465", "revid": 1370409749, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1484, "year_label": "1484 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – King Richard III of England assembles his first, and only Parliament, opening a 29-day session.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346941150#January–March", "title": "1484", "revid": 1346941150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1489, "year_label": "1489 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – The English Parliament opens at Westminster, with Thomas Fitzwilliam as the Speaker of the House of Commons. The day after its opening, the Treason Act 1488 and the Collusive Actions Act 1488 go into effect on resolution of the English Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757252#January–March", "title": "1489", "revid": 1364757252, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Poynings' Law comes into effect, placing the Parliament of Ireland under the authority of the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#Date_unknown", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1497, "year_label": "1497 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – At Westminster, King Henry VII opens his sixth English Parliament for a two-month session. The House of Commons elects Sir Thomas Englefield as its speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372862240#January–March", "title": "1497", "revid": 1372862240, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#January–March", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – On \"a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen\", Robert Pakington, a London merchant and a member of the English Parliament, becomes the first person in Britain to be murdered with a handgun, while he is walking across the street from his home at Soper's Lane toward the Mercers' Chapel. His assailant is never caught, despite the offer of a large reward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#October–December", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The English Parliament meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is Henry's sixth and last marriage and Catherine's third. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding. This month, the Parliament of England passes the Third Succession Act, restoring the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, Henry's daughters, to the line of succession to the English throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – King Henry VIII opens the Parliament of England for the ninth time, in a session that lasts until December 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#October–December", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The Act of Uniformity 1548 is passed by the Parliament of England and establishes the 1549 version of the Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal prayer book in England, replacing the use of different versions of the Latin-language Missal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#January–March", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1576, "year_label": "1576 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Peter Wentworth, a Puritan M.P. of the Parliament of England, is arrested in the middle of giving an address criticizing \"rumours and messages\" given to suppress freedom of speech. When he says that \"the devil was the first author of them, from whom proceedeth nothing but wickedness\", he is interrupted and taken to the Tower of London for imprisonment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362635528#January–March", "title": "1576", "revid": 1362635528, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Parliament of England's Act against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines, for practising Roman Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#January–March", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Parliament of England passes the Vagabonds Act, that allows transportation of convicts to colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#Date_unknown", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Dr. Bonham's Case, a landmark decision, is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#Date_unknown", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, is created 1st Baron Chichester of Belfast. Belfast is constituted a municipal corporation, comprising a Sovereign, twelve burgesses and a commonalty, with the privilege of sending two representatives to the Parliament of England. The first Sovereign appointed is Thomas Vesey, and the first representatives to parliament are Sir John Blennerhasset, Baron of the Exchequer of Ireland, and George Trevillian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319431368#Events", "title": "1613 in Ireland", "revid": 1319431368, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – King James I of England dissolves the English Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#January–May", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › January–May"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, starting the Eleven Years' Tyranny", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#January–March", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 5", "text": "5 January – Parliament fixes a quorum of 40 for its proceedings to be transacted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119796#Events", "title": "1640 in England", "revid": 1366119796, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "25 September – the Solemn League and Covenant is signed between the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737179#Events", "title": "1643 in England", "revid": 1353737179, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – the Long Parliament of England passes an Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486830#Events", "title": "1644 in Ireland", "revid": 1359486830, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 25", "text": "25 December – Christmas falls on a date set aside for fasting by Parliament, whose supporters are enjoined to observe the fast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737189#Events", "title": "1644 in England", "revid": 1353737189, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "3 April – the House of Lords passes the Self-denying ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737198#Events", "title": "1645 in England", "revid": 1353737198, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#July–September", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "30 July – Commissioners of Parliament and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that the King gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055229#Events", "title": "1646 in England", "revid": 1360055229, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 7", "text": "7 August – Oliver Cromwell takes control of Parliament with the New Model Army, an attempt by Presbyterian MPs to raise the City of London having been unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737212#Events", "title": "1647 in England", "revid": 1353737212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Battle of Knocknanuss, Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin's Parliamentarian army inflicts crushing defeat on Confederate Ireland's Munster army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387821#Events", "title": "1647 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387821, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "2 May – The Parliament of England passes an act against blasphemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354833654#Events", "title": "1648 in England", "revid": 1354833654, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – the Parliament of England passes the Act for the Settlement of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387507#Events", "title": "1652 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387507, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 8", "text": "8 June – the Parliament of England passes the Act of Settlement for the Assuring, Confirming and Settling of lands and estates in Ireland, confirming legal arrangements made under the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318941722#Events", "title": "1657 in Ireland", "revid": 1318941722, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Samuel Pepys, a 36-year-old member of the Parliament of England, begins keeping a diary that later provides a detailed insight into daily life and events in 17th century England. He continues until May 31, 1669, when worsening eyesight leads him to quit. Pepys starts with a preliminary note, \"Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe-yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three.\" For his first note on \"January 1. 1659/60 Lords-day\", he notes \"This morning (we lying lately in the garret) I rose, put on my suit with great skirts, having not lately worn any other clothes but them,\" followed by recounting his attendance at the Exeter-house church in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the Parliament of England has declared his elevation to the throne as King Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 20", "text": "20 December – Parliament passes the Corporation Act 1661 restricting public office to members of the Church of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737330#Events", "title": "1661 in England", "revid": 1353737330, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – the Parliament of England passes the second Navigation Act, restricting Irish trade with colonies and the cattle trade with England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387406#Events", "title": "1663 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387406, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Concerned about the wintry weather, the Parliament of England holds an intercessory fast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May", "text": "May – Parliament passes the Conventicle Act 1664 preventing groups of more than five non-followers of the Church of England from assembling (comes into effect 1 July). Jews will be excluded from its operation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372941052#Events", "title": "1664 in England", "revid": 1372941052, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 6", "text": "6 September – Cestui que Vie Act passed by Parliament to provide for disposal of the property of missing persons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737369#Events", "title": "1666 in England", "revid": 1353737369, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – The Cestui Que Vie Act 1666 is passed by the Parliament of England, to provide for the disposal of the property of missing persons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "13 March – The Parliament of England addresses the King against the growth of popery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354252625#Events", "title": "1671 in England", "revid": 1354252625, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – the Parliament of England addresses the King against the growth of popery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387274#Events", "title": "1671 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387274, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – King Charles II of England issues a Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics in his realms; this is withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387285#Events", "title": "1672 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387285, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Parliament of England votes an annual Regium Donum to augment the stipends of Presbyterian clergy in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387293#Events", "title": "1673 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387293, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The Parliament of England passes the Habeas Corpus Act, \"for the better securing the liberty of the subject\" and then adjourns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The Bank of England is founded through Royal charter by the Whig-dominated Parliament of England, following a proposal by Scottish merchant William Paterson to raise capital, by offering safe and steady returns of interest guaranteed by future taxes. A total of £1.2 million is raised for the war effort against Louis XIV of France by the end of the year, to establish the first-ever government debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#July–September", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The Parliament of England passes the Triennial Act 1694, requiring general elections every three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#October–December", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 3", "text": "3 December – Parliament passes the Meeting of Parliament Act (Triennial Act) requiring general elections every three years and an annual meeting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737735#Events", "title": "1694 in England", "revid": 1353737735, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 3", "text": "3 May – Parliament passes the Corrupt Practices Act to tackle bribery in general elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737755#Events", "title": "1695 in England", "revid": 1353737755, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Commission of Enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland in 1692 reports to the Parliament of England, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a \"command against the law of nature\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#April–June", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Great Recoinage of 1696: The Parliament of England passes the Recoinage Act.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737772#Events", "title": "1696 in England", "revid": 1353737772, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The Recoinage Act, passed by the Parliament of England to pull counterfeit silver coins out of circulation, becomes law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#January–March", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – an act of the Parliament of England for encouraging linen manufacture in Ireland allows plain linen to be exported to England without an import tariff being applied.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294223409#Events", "title": "1696 in Ireland", "revid": 1294223409, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Parliament of England passes the Trade with Africa Act 1697 (An Act to settle the Trade to Africa), which end the Royal African Company's monopoly on all English trade with Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#Date_unknown", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – The Parliament of England (under Tory dominance) limits the size of the country's standing army to 7,000 'native born' men; hence, King William III's Dutch Blue Guards cannot serve in the line. By an Act of February 1, it also requires disbandment of foreign troops in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#January–March", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – the Parliament of England requires the disbandment of foreign troops in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387145#Events", "title": "1699 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387145, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Act of Settlement 1701 is passed by the Parliament of England, to exclude the Catholic Stuarts from the British monarchy. Under its terms, King William III, childless, will be succeeded by Queen Mary II's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. If Anne should have no descendants, she will be succeeded by Sophia of Hanover and her descendants (hence the Hanoverian Succession in 1714).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#April–June", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "24 June — the Act of Settlement 1701, by the Parliament of England, becomes law; the crown of Great Britain passes to Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her Protestant descendants on the death of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive to the throne after her brother-in-law, King William III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365195016#Events", "title": "1701 in England", "revid": 1365195016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, becomes law. Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant descendants are next in line to the throne following Anne, the heir apparent to her brother-in-law King William III, ensuring that no Catholic will inherit the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351866843#Events", "title": "1701 in Ireland", "revid": 1351866843, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 5", "text": "5 August – the Parliament of Scotland passes the Act of Security 1704 in response to the Parliament of England's Act of Settlement 1701, allowing the Scottish Parliament to select its own successor to the monarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737883#Events", "title": "1704 in Scotland", "revid": 1353737883, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – the Parliament of England passes the Alien Act in response to the Parliament of Scotland's Act of Security 1704; it is repealed in December without taking effect.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254092#Events", "title": "1705 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254092, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Queen Anne gives royal assent to the Parliament of England's Alien Act 1705, setting a deadline of December 25, 1705, for Scotland's parliament to authorize negotiations for a Treaty of Union with England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain and threatening that unless Scotland agrees to negotiate terms for union and accepts the Hanoverian succession by December 25, there would be a ban on the import of all Scottish staple products into England and Scots would also lose the privileges of Englishmen under English law – thus endangering rights to any property they held in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#January–March", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The Sophia Naturalization Act is passed by the Parliament of England, which naturalizes Sophia of Hanover (next in succession to the British throne) and the Protestant \"issue of her body\" as British subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 21", "text": "21 December – The Sophia Naturalization Act is passed by Parliament, which naturalizes Sophia of Hanover (next in succession to the British throne) and the Protestant \"issue of her body\" as British subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737891#Events", "title": "1705 in England", "revid": 1353737891, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The English Parliament establishes the first turnpike trusts, which place a length of road under the control of trustees, drawn from local landowners and traders. The trusts borrow capital for road maintenance against the security of tolls, and this arrangement becomes the common method of road maintenance for the next 150 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#Date_unknown", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – The Act of Union with Scotland is ratified by the Parliament of England; the Parliament of Scotland is adjourned for the last time on May 1, 1707.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#January–March", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 19", "text": "19 March – The Act of Union with Scotland is passed by the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737921#Events", "title": "1707 in England", "revid": 1353737921, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – the new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being as a result of the Acts of Union which combine the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. The Equivalent, a sum of £398,000, is paid to Scotland by the English government. The Honours of Scotland are locked away in Edinburgh Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254103#Events", "title": "1707 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254103, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "12 May (1 May Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being as a result of the Acts of Union which ratified the Treaty of Union: the kingdoms of England and Scotland are combined into a single, United Kingdom and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. The Equivalent, a sum of £398,000, is paid to Scotland by the English government due to Scotland now taking on shared responsibility for England’s national debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320244983#Events", "title": "1707 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320244983, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 30", "text": "30 April–7 July – general election held to return members to serve in the House of Commons of the second Parliament of Great Britain, the first after the merger of the Parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707. The election results in a victory for the Whigs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360123116#Events", "title": "1708 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360123116, "section": "Events"}}]}