{"slug": "panama", "label": "Panama", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804", "qid": "Q804", "description": "sovereign state in Central America", "entries": 28, "years": 24, "span": [1504, 2023], "span_label": ["1504 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "panama-canal", "label": "Panama Canal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "colombia", "label": "Colombia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "isthmus-of-panama", "label": "Isthmus of Panama", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-morgan", "label": "Henry Morgan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "guatemala", "label": "Guatemala", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "honduras", "label": "Honduras", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ukraine", "label": "Ukraine", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage, during which he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#October–December", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in Panama in canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Henry Morgan captures Fort San Lorenzo, on Panama's Caribbean coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#October–December", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Henry Morgan's Panama expedition – the city of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Panamá, founded more than 150 years earlier at the Isthmus of Panama by Spanish settlers and the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Ocean, is destroyed by the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan. The last surviving original structures are now part of Panama City, capital of the Central American nation of Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#January–March", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – Darien scheme: The first Scottish settlers leave for an ill-fated colony in Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – The Viceroyalty of New Granada, incorporating modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela is re-established by the royal cedula of King Philip V of Spain, 16 years after it had been dissolved, and adds the territory of Panama as well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#July–September", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20–22 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Porto Bello: British marine forces capture the Panamanian silver-exporting town of Portobelo from the Spanish.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#October–December", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Separation of Panama from Colombia: With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent of Colombia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#November", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#November", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#October", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#January–February", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "President Alfaro is removed from office. After a failed attempt to regain office, he is captured near Guayaquil and sent to Quito on a railroad built during his term in office. He is later exiled to Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326930230#Events", "title": "1911 in Ecuador", "revid": 1326930230, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – The fourth tropical storm of the year forms just north of Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#September–October", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 17", "text": "17 September – Irish Larch rescues forty survivors from the Panamanian ship Stone Street in the Atlantic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363475586#Events", "title": "1942 in Ireland", "revid": 1363475586, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#January", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Torrijos-Carter treaties: Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#September", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – The U.S. Senate votes, 68–32, to turn the Panama Canal over to Panamanian control on December 31, 1999.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#April", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The United States invasion of Panama (\"Operation Just Cause\") is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#December", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – United States invasion of Panama: General Manuel Noriega is deposed as leader of Panama and surrenders to the American forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#January", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – A 7.7 Mw Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – In Miami, former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for participating in the illegal drug trade and racketeering.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#July", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – With the Torrijos–Carter Treaties being put into effect on this day, Panama gains full control of the Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#December", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, severs diplomatic and political ties with Panama, accusing Panama of being involved in a conspiracy against the Venezuelan government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#March", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem, followed by Honduras and Panama two days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#December", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 17", "text": "17 February – Panama-flagged car carrier MV Felicity Ace is abandoned approximately 90 nautical miles southwest of the Azores following a severe fire on board. The ship's entire 22-man crew safely evacuates using lifeboats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315719069#Events", "title": "2022 in Panama", "revid": 1315719069, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 17", "text": "17 March – Panama's maritime authority states that Russia has attacked three Panamanian-flagged civil vessels in the Black Sea since the Russian invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, causing one of the ships to sink. No deaths have been reported.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315719069#Events", "title": "2022 in Panama", "revid": 1315719069, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 12", "text": "12 July – Protesters in Panama continue blocking streets and railways, mainly in Chiriquí and Veraguas Provinces, rejecting the concession by president Laurentino Cortizo of freezing fuel prices.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315719069#Events", "title": "2022 in Panama", "revid": 1315719069, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 8", "text": "8 September – Panama announces stricter measures to curb record migration through the Darien Gap, including more deportations, shorter tourist stays, and higher financial requirements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336651244#September", "title": "2023 in Panama", "revid": 1336651244, "section": "Events › September"}}]}