{"slug": "oxford", "label": "Oxford", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34217", "qid": "Q34217", "description": "city in Oxfordshire, England", "entries": 38, "years": 33, "span": [911, 2022], "span_label": ["911 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 7}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "archbishop-of-canterbury", "label": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-i-of-england", "label": "Charles I of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cambridge", "label": "Cambridge", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mercia", "label": "Mercia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-the-elder", "label": "Edward the Elder", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gloucester", "label": "Gloucester", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thelfld", "label": "Æthelflæd", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thelred-lord-of-the-mercians", "label": "Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "stephen-langton", "label": "Stephen Langton", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lord Æthelred of Mercia dies. He is buried in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester and is succeeded by his wife, Princess Æthelflæd, as Lady of the Mercians. Her brother, King Edward the Elder, insists on taking control of London and Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Britain", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – King Harold Harefoot dies at Oxford at the age of 24. His illegitimate son Ælfwine Haroldsson is left in the care of his grandmother, Ælfgifu of Northampton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Britain", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1222, "year_label": "1222 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury in England, opens a council at Osney Abbey, Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224827#Europe", "title": "1222", "revid": 1371224827, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – University College, the first college at Oxford, is founded with money from the estate of William of Durham.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Education", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1310, "year_label": "1310 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first purpose-built accommodation for students (the Mob Quad) is completed at Merton College, Oxford, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018292#Education", "title": "1310", "revid": 1332018292, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1324, "year_label": "1324 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher, is summoned from Oxford to the papal court at Avignon; either at this time or later he comes into conflict with Pope John XXII and never returns to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303312513#Religion", "title": "1324", "revid": 1303312513, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Adam de Brome, founder of Oriel College, Oxford", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Deaths", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1355, "year_label": "1355 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford, England, breaks out, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357199170#Events", "title": "1355", "revid": 1357199170, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#Date_unknown", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "John Rykener, also known as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, is arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated on December 11, 1394. The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#Date_unknown", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "October–December › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Epiphany Rising begins in England against King Henry IV by nobles planning to restore King Richard II to the throne, and is quickly crushed. Baron Lumley dies after attempting to seize Cirencester. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Kent are captured and beheaded on January 7. Sir Thomas Blount is hanged, drawn and quartered at Oxford on January 12. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester is captured and executed by a mob in Bristol on January 13. The Earl of Huntingdon is beheaded at Pleshey on January 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#January–March", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England hits Oxford and Cambridge. It is said that in Oxford that upwards of 400 students died in less than a week.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#Date_unknown", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – In Oxford, Thomas Cranmer, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the English Reformation as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 29", "text": "29 October – King Charles enters Oxford and establishes his court there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737168#Events", "title": "1642 in England", "revid": 1353737168, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – King Charles I of England enters Oxford and establishes his court there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#October–December", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert leaves Oxford for Bristol.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#January–March", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – King Charles I of England flees from Oxford (where he has been overwintering) in disguise and begins his journey to the Scottish army camp near Newark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#April–June", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Third Siege of Oxford concludes with signing of the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Oxford to General Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentary New Model Army; on the 24th of June the main force marches out, ending the First English Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#April–June", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first coffee house in England is opened in Oxford, indicative of their increasing popularity in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#Date_unknown", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "First coffee house in England opens, in Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737250#Undated", "title": "1651 in England", "revid": 1353737250, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins of the Sheldonian Theatre for university ceremonial in Oxford as designed by Christopher Wren.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372941052#Undated", "title": "1664 in England", "revid": 1372941052, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#July–September", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 7", "text": "7 July – the King and court leave London to avoid the plague, moving first to Salisbury, then (from 25 September) Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737361#Events", "title": "1665 in England", "revid": 1353737361, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 9", "text": "9 October – the Cavalier Parliament assembles in Oxford to avoid the Plague in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737361#Events", "title": "1665 in England", "revid": 1353737361, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 24", "text": "24 May – the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, opens as the world's first purpose-built university museum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737576#Events", "title": "1683 in England", "revid": 1353737576, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Holywell Music Room, Oxford, the first purpose-built concert hall in Europe, is opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282508078#Undated", "title": "1748 in Great Britain", "revid": 1282508078, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1749, "year_label": "1749 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 12", "text": "12 April – the Radcliffe Camera in Oxford, designed by James Gibbs, is opened as an academic library.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332940852#Events", "title": "1749 in Great Britain", "revid": 1332940852, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 18", "text": "18 October – Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, admits its first patients.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374050841#Events", "title": "1770 in Great Britain", "revid": 1374050841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 4", "text": "4 October – the Englishman James Sadler makes the first hot air balloon flight in England, from Oxford to Woodeaton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323077518#Events", "title": "1784 in Great Britain", "revid": 1323077518, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – the Oxford Canal is opened throughout its 91 miles, providing an important link between the River Thames at Oxford and Coventry in the English Midlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292610790#Events", "title": "1790 in Great Britain", "revid": 1292610790, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – J. H. Newman, the controversial Anglican cleric, withdraws to Littlemore, outside Oxford, and establishes a semi-monastic community, \"the house of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Littlemore\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342718689#Events", "title": "1842 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1342718689, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll) extemporises the story that becomes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, for ten-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters, on a rowboat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#July", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Publication of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed after 70 years with issue of the last section (\"wise – wyze\") in Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#April", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, England, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey's team. He reacts positively, but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#February", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Mensa, an international organization for people with a high intelligence quotient (IQ), is founded by Roland Berrill, an Australian-born lawyer, and Lancelot Ware, an English biochemist and lawyer, in Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#October", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Roger Bannister runs the first sub-four minute mile, in Oxford, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#May", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom approves AstraZeneca-Oxford's vaccine, the second one available. The vaccine is easier to store as it only requires normal fridge temperatures, making distribution easier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#December", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The biggest breakthrough in fusion energy since 1997 is reported at the Joint European Torus in Oxford, the UK, with 59 megajoules produced over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#February", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › February"}}]}