{"slug": "oliver-cromwell", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44279", "qid": "Q44279", "description": "English military and political leader (1599–1658)", "entries": 60, "years": 21, "span": [1599, 1663], "span_label": ["1599 CE", "1663 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 19}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Cromwellian"], "related": [{"slug": "lord-protector", "label": "Lord Protector", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "dublin", "label": "Dublin", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "palace-of-whitehall", "label": "Palace of Whitehall", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "commonwealth-of-england", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "new-model-army", "label": "New Model Army", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lord-mayor-of-london", "label": "Lord Mayor of London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1658)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#April–June", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Births › April–June"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes his first appearance in the English Parliament, as Member for Huntingdon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#January–March", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 13", "text": "13 May – First English Civil War: Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat Royalist forces at Grantham.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737179#Events", "title": "1643 in England", "revid": 1353737179, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January", "text": "January – Oliver Cromwell and his soldiers impose a Puritanical regime of worship at Ely Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737189#Events", "title": "1644 in England", "revid": 1353737189, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#October–December", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 7", "text": "7 August – Oliver Cromwell takes control of Parliament with the New Model Army, an attempt by Presbyterian MPs to raise the City of London having been unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737212#Events", "title": "1647 in England", "revid": 1353737212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – \"Pride's Purge\" in England: Elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invade London and expel a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "15 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737236#Events", "title": "1649 in England", "revid": 1353737236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "15 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin with the New Model Army to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318941674#Events", "title": "1649 in Ireland", "revid": 1318941674, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#July–September", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Oliver Cromwell's troops sweep through Ireland and bombard the Kiltinan Castle in County Tipperary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#January–March", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 27", "text": "27 March – Confederate Ireland's besieged capital Kilkenny is surrendered to Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372670661#Events", "title": "1650 in Ireland", "revid": 1372670661, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "27 April – Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: Oliver Cromwell joins the siege of Clonmel in person.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372670661#Events", "title": "1650 in Ireland", "revid": 1372670661, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "26 May – Oliver Cromwell leaves Ireland (following the Siege of Clonmel), occasioning Andrew Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737244#Events", "title": "1650 in England", "revid": 1353737244, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Having completed his invasion of Ireland, England's General Oliver Cromwell begins the war against the Kingdom of Scotland, crossing from Northumberland at Berwick-upon-Tweed into Berwickshire, and leads troops toward Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#July–September", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeat a Scottish army, commanded by David Leslie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#July–September", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "3 September – Oliver Cromwell is victorious over the Scottish Covenanters at the Battle of Dunbar, opening the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737244#Events", "title": "1650 in England", "revid": 1353737244, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#January–March", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Oliver Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#April–June", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "20 April – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737265#Events", "title": "1653 in England", "revid": 1353737265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "16 December – Instrument of Government: Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737265#Events", "title": "1653 in England", "revid": 1353737265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rathmacknee Castle and lands were confiscated after Thomas Rosseter fought against Oliver Cromwell at Wexford in the Irish Confederate Wars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292732180#Events", "title": "1654 in Ireland", "revid": 1292732180, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – The Battle of Tullich takes place in Aberdeenshire in Scotland during Glencairn's rising, a revolt by Scottish royalists against the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The battle is indecisive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#January–March", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Peter Vowell and John Gerard are executed in London for plotting to assassinate Oliver Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#July–September", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 – Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the English Restoration in 1660). The fleet leaves Portsmouth in late December.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#July–September", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral William Penn departs from Portsmouth to begin Oliver Cromwell's planned surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#October_–December", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "22 January – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the First Protectorate Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737279#Events", "title": "1655 in England", "revid": 1353737279, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Henry Cromwell, son of Oliver, is appointed as major-general of the forces in Ireland and a member of the Irish council of state. After the Lord Deputy, Charles Fleetwood, departs for England in September, Henry Cromwell de facto takes over that role also.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387536#Events", "title": "1655 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387536, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#July–September", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1655, "year_label": "1655 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell announces measures against the Laudian party, which are enforced starting on January 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365983750#October_–December", "title": "1655", "revid": 1365983750, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – London's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "17 September – Miles Sindercombe makes a failed assassination attempt on Oliver Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360060788#Events", "title": "1656 in England", "revid": 1360060788, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and are arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "8 January – Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 4", "text": "4 February – resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England. This year the country's first Jewish cemetery in modern times is opened in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – In England, the Humble Petition and Advice offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#January–March", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "23 February – Oliver Cromwell is offered the Crown by the Humble Petition and Advice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March", "text": "March – The Treaty of Paris allied the English Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell with King Louis XIV of France against King Philip IV of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353365217#Events", "title": "1657 in France", "revid": 1353365217, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title \"Lord Protector\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#April–June", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#July–September", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "13 July – following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 17", "text": "17 November – Henry Cromwell, son of Oliver Cromwell, appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318941722#Events", "title": "1657 in Ireland", "revid": 1318941722, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in the Tower of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#January–March", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "4 February – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Second Protectorate Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737308#Events", "title": "1658 in England", "revid": 1353737308, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Richard Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of his father, Oliver Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323597412#Events", "title": "1658 in Ireland", "revid": 1323597412, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Oliver Cromwell dies and his son Richard assumes his father's position as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (b. 1599)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#Deaths", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "3 September – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector (born 1599)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737308#Deaths", "title": "1658 in England", "revid": 1353737308, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 25", "text": "25 May – Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) resigns as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323597473#Events", "title": "1659 in Ireland", "revid": 1323597473, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – John Thurloe is arrested for high treason, for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, John Bradshaw and Thomas Pride are exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution. Oliver Cromwell's head (with the others') is placed on a spike above the Palace of Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737330#Events", "title": "1661 in England", "revid": 1353737330, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The body of Oliver Cromwell is exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution in London, along with those of John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#January–March", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The Marquess of Argyll, one of the first of the Scottish-born people sentenced to death as a regicide for his role in the conviction and execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in 1649, is beheaded at the Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh using the \"Scottish Maiden,\" almost immediately after his conviction of collaboration with the government of Oliver Cromwell. His head is then placed on a spike outside the prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#April–June", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Act of Settlement, passed by the Parliament of Ireland, orders that settlers under the Cromwellian Act of Settlement 1652 should give up a portion of their allotted land to \"Old English\" and \"innocent Catholics\". The first Court of Claims sits from 20 September 1662 to 21 August 1663.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387397#Events", "title": "1662 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387397, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Colonel Thomas Blood fails in an attempt to seize Dublin Castle in support of the claims of Cromwellian soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387406#Events", "title": "1663 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387406, "section": "Events"}}]}