{"slug": "old-swiss-confederacy", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q435583", "qid": "Q435583", "description": "confederation of cantons (1291-1798)", "entries": 44, "years": 40, "span": [1307, 1798], "span_label": ["1307 CE", "1798 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 18}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Old Swiss Confederation", "Swiss Confederacy"], "related": [{"slug": "house-of-habsburg", "label": "House of Habsburg", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cantons-of-switzerland", "label": "Cantons of Switzerland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "duchy-of-austria", "label": "Duchy of Austria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "appenzell", "label": "Appenzell", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "frederick-iii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "canton-of-uri", "label": "Canton of Uri", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "canton-of-zurich", "label": "Canton of Zurich", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "canton-of-bern", "label": "Canton of Bern", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "zurich", "label": "Zurich", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-the-bold", "label": "Charles the Bold", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-savoy", "label": "Duchy of Savoy", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – William Tell, Swiss mountain climber and marksman, shoots (according to legend) an apple off his son's head with a crossbow at Altdorf, Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#October_–_December", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1332, "year_label": "1332 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1272872485#Events", "title": "1332", "revid": 1272872485, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1351, "year_label": "1351 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Zürich joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275601006#January–December", "title": "1351", "revid": 1275601006, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1352, "year_label": "1352 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Glarus joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629592#January–December", "title": "1352", "revid": 1294629592, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1353, "year_label": "1353 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1294629981#January–December", "title": "1353", "revid": 1294629981, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1356, "year_label": "1356 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead. It is the most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441440#January–December", "title": "1356", "revid": 1350441440, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – At Chur in what is now the Swiss Canton of Raetia, the League of God's House is founded in the Old Swiss Confederacy as an agreement between nine communities to come to each other's aid in the event of a crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#January–March", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Officials from the Swiss Canton of Lucerne, arrive in the village of Sempach, at the time under control of Austria and the Habsburg family, and offer Swiss citizenship and rights. Lucerne's representatives enter into similar pacts with other Austrian-controlled towns, including Meienberg, and bring with them soldiers from the Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#January–March", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Battle of Sempach: Soldiers from cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy defeat the Austrian Habsburg Army in a battle that leads to the unification of the cantons into the nation of Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#July–September", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – At the Battle of Näfels, the Canton of Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeats the Duchy of Austria and the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered 16 to one.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#April–June", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Following the Battle of Sempach, a seven-year peace agreement is concluded between the Duchy of Austria and the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#April–June", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The agreement between the Swiss Confederacy (the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwaldeden) and the Duchy of Austria, originally signed on April 1, 1389, following the 1386 Battle of Sempach, is extended by amendment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#July–September", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – The Swiss canton of Appenzell enters into an alliance with most of the cantons of the Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#October–December", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#Date_unknown", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#Date_unknown", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – The Old Zurich War begins as the Canton of Zurich, led by the burgomaster Rudolf Stüssi, is expelled from the Swiss Confederation (Corpus helveticum) by the leaders of the other cantons (Bern, Glarus, Lucerne, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Uri and Zug). Stüssi makes an alliance with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and a war which will last more than five years begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#October–December", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (Old Zurich War): The forces of the city of Zurich are defeated, but the Swiss Confederacy have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#July–September", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1444, "year_label": "1444 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "26 August - French troops fight the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs against the Old Swiss Confederacy", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372955348#Events", "title": "1444 in France", "revid": 1372955348, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs, as 1,200 soldiers of the Confederation defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhart V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#January–March", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – The Canton of Appenzell becomes an associate member of the Swiss Confederacy. Full membership will be granted more than 50 years later in 1513.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#October–December", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – The canton of St. Gallen is accepted as an associate state of the Swiss Confederation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#April–June", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#April–June", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Mülhausen, a free city within the Holy Roman Empire, joins the Swiss Confederacy in an alliance against the Habsburg dynasty including the Emperor Frederick III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#April–June", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sigismund of Austria sells Upper Alsace to Charles the Bold, in exchange for aid in a war against the Swiss.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#Date_unknown", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1470, "year_label": "1470 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Between this year and 1700, 8,888 witches are tried in the Swiss Confederation; 5,417 of them are executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853032#Date_unknown", "title": "1470", "revid": 1359853032, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Burgundian Wars – In the Battle on the Planta, near Sion in the Swiss Canton of Valais, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious against those of the Duchy of Savoy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#October–December", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – In retaliation for the massacre of the Swiss defenders of the Grandson Castle, troops from the Canton of Bern and the Old Swiss Confederacy defeat the Burgundian troops of Charles the Bold and force him to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#January–March", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 2", "text": "2 March – Charles the Bold suffers a defeat at the hands of Swiss forces at the Battle of Grandson", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373708372#Events", "title": "1476 in France", "revid": 1373708372, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 –The Treaty of Fribourg is signed by representatives of the Swiss Confederation and the Duchy of Savoy after France's King Louis XI intervenes to stop the war in Switzerland over former Savoyard territories in the Canton of Vaud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#April–June", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, concludes a treaty with the Swiss Confederacy hindering the recruitment of Swiss mercenaries by the Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#January–March", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – The Treaty of Lucerne is signed between the Duchy of Milan and the Old Swiss Confederation, 15 months after the Battle of Giornico. Milan cedes the Leventina District to the Canton of Uri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#January–March", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – The Canton of Fribourg and the Canton of Solothurn are admitted as cantons of Switzerland by the Swiss Confedderation", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#October–December", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Battle of Schwaderloh is won by the Swiss Confederacy over the Swabian League with more than 1,400 of the Swabian troops killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#April–June", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#July–September", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Swiss cantons of Basel and Schaffhausen join the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#Date_unknown", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Canton of Appenzell becomes a member of the Swiss Confederacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#October–December", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – The \"Treaty of Perpetual Peace\" is signed in the city of Fribourg in Switzerland, between representatives of the Thirteen Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and King Francis of the Kingdom of France, confirming the French victory in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. The Swiss Confederacy renounces all claims to the French protectorate of Milan in Italy, in for 700,000 gold crowns in compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#October–December", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1531, "year_label": "1531 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359939156#October–December", "title": "1531", "revid": 1359939156, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Excerpta antiqua is published by Hervagius at Basel, Switzerland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#Date_unknown", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States can personally convert to Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. Prisoners of war should be released and allowed to return to their homelands without ransom after hostilities end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#October–December", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – The First War of Villmergen, a civil war in the Confederation of Switzerland pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Baden, one of the member states of the Confederation of Switzerland, declares a policy of remaining neutral in future conflicts, a model that is soon followed by other members of the Confederation and which eventually becomes the basis for Swiss neutrality from 1815 onward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau's house in Switzerland is stoned by a mob.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#July–December", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – The Helvetic Republic, a French client republic, is proclaimed following the collapse of the Old Swiss Confederacy after the French invasion; Aarau becomes the republic's temporary capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#January–June", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Events › January–June"}}]}