{"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922815", "qid": "Q1922815", "description": "changes in calendar conventions from Julian to Gregorian dates", "entries": 142, "years": 84, "span": [1584, 1917], "span_label": ["1584 CE", "1917 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 44}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 38}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 19}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["New Style", "Old Style"], "related": [{"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "peter-the-great", "label": "Peter the Great", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "parliament-of-great-britain", "label": "Parliament of Great Britain", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "charles-xii-of-sweden", "label": "Charles XII of Sweden", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "war-of-the-spanish-succession", "label": "War of the Spanish Succession", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 (O.S. March 18) – Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia since 1533, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his son, Feodor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#January–March", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 (July 29 Old Style) – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English naval force off the coast of Gravelines, in the Spanish Netherlands (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#July–September", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 (August 9 Old Style) – Speech to the Troops at Tilbury by Queen Elizabeth I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#July–September", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 (February 25 Old Style) – The Uppsala Synod discontinues; the Liturgical Struggle between the Swedish Reformation and Counter-Reformation ends in Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#January–March", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 (March 29 O.S.) – Combined Taungoo–Lan Na armies break the rebel Thado Dhamma Yaza's siege of Taungoo, in modern-day Myanmar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#April–June", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1605, "year_label": "1605 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 (O.S.) – The Gunpowder Plot, a scheme to bomb England's Palace of Westminster during the opening of Parliament, is foiled after Sir Thomas Knyvet is tipped off, and finds Catholic plotter Guy Fawkes in a cellar below the Parliament building. Knyvet orders a search of the area and 36 barrels of gunpowder are found. Fawkes is arrested for trying to assassinate King James I and the members who had been scheduled to sit together in Parliament the next day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477436#October–December", "title": "1605", "revid": 1362477436, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 (July 15 OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 (July 22 OS) – The ship Speedwell departs Delfshaven with English separatist Puritans from Leiden bound to rendezvous with the Mayflower; on August 5 (July 26 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 (probable date; August 5 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Southampton, but are forced to put back into Dartmouth, Devon, for repairs to a leak in the latter ship on August 22 or 23 (August 12 or 13 OS).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 (August 23 OS) – Mayflower and Speedwell depart together from Dartmouth; they are well out into the Atlantic when the Speedwell is again found to be leaking.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 (September 6 OS) – Mayflower departs from Plymouth in England on her third attempt to cross the Atlantic. The Pilgrims on board comprise 41 \"saints\" (English separatists largely from Holland), 40 \"strangers\" (largely secular planters from London), 23 servants and hired workers, together with c. 30 crew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#October–December", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: \"They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#October–December", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#October–December", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 (February 24 Old Style) – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway gives an order, that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen, to build ships or to work as galley rowers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 (March 3 Old Style) – A \"great charter\" to the University of Oxford establishes the Oxford University Press, as the second of the privileged presses in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 (August 15 Old Style) – The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts Bay Colony is first signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 (September 8 Old Style) – A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University), as the first college founded in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 (September 24 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wittstock: A Swedish-allied army defeats a combined Imperial-Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#October–December", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 4", "text": "4 January (N.S.) – Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist (died 1727)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737179#Births", "title": "1643 in England", "revid": 1353737179, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Battle of Jüterbog (December 3 New Style): Sweden's forces defeat those of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#October–December", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 (December 18 New Style) – As Christina comes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#October–December", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "2–3 June (12–13 June New Style) – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Gabbard off the coast of Suffolk: The English navy defeats the Dutch fleet, which loses 17 ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737265#Events", "title": "1653 in England", "revid": 1353737265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "18–20 February (28 February–2 March New Style) – First Anglo–Dutch War: Battle of Portland off the Isle of Portland. Both sides claim victory but the English retain control of the Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737265#Events", "title": "1653 in England", "revid": 1353737265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 (February 26 OS) – The peace between Sweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded in Roskilde by the Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as a great power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#January–March", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 23", "text": "23 May (2 June N.S.) – Charles II embarks from Scheveningen on HMS Royal Charles, captained by Edward Montagu (created Earl of Sandwich two months later).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 3", "text": "3 June (13 June N.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War: English naval victory at the Battle of Lowestoft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737361#Events", "title": "1665 in England", "revid": 1353737361, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 (June 3 O.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War – Battle of Lowestoft: The English Navy, under James Stuart, Duke of York, is victorious against the Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#April–June", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1–4 June (11–14 June New Style) – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Four Days' Battle – The Dutch Republic fleet under Michiel de Ruyter defeats the English in the North Sea in one of the longest naval engagements in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737369#Events", "title": "1666 in England", "revid": 1353737369, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "21 July (Old Style – 31 July New Style) – The Second Anglo-Dutch War is ended by the Treaty of Breda, negotiation of which began on 14 May and coming into effect in August. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737374#Events", "title": "1667 in England", "revid": 1353737374, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Peter Talbot is appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland (consecrated at Antwerp 29 April (9 May New Style)).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387478#Events", "title": "1669 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387478, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 (6 March N.S.) – John O'Molony is consecrated as Roman Catholic Bishop of Killaloe in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387285#Events", "title": "1672 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387285, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "28 May (7 June New Style) – the first naval battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War is fought at the Battle of Solebay off Southwold; indecisive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "28 May (7 June New Style) – Third Anglo-Dutch War: First Battle of Schooneveld – The Dutch Republic fleet commanded by Michiel de Ruyter defeats the allied Anglo-French fleet commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360074887#Events", "title": "1673 in England", "revid": 1360074887, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "9 February (19 February New Style) – England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737452#Events", "title": "1674 in England", "revid": 1353737452, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (O.S.) / 26 September – The Peace of Lund ends the Scanian War between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340556120#Events", "title": "1679 in Sweden", "revid": 1340556120, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 (August 10 Old Style) – The settlement of Karlskrona in Sweden is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#July–September", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 (April 29 OS) – Friedrich Wilhelm, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, dies. Friedrich III becomes Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia until 1701, when he becomes the first King of Prussia, as Friedrich I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 5", "text": "5 November (15 November NS) – Glorious Revolution begins: William lands at Brixham; James is prevented from meeting him in battle because many of his officers and men desert to the other side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 (November 1 OS) – Glorious Revolution: William III of Orange sets sail a second time from Hellevoetsluis, the Netherlands, to take over England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 (November 5 OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers. He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 (November 9 OS) – William of Orange captures Exeter, after the magistrates flee the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 (November 10 OS) – The Wincanton Skirmish between forces loyal to James II led by Patrick Sarsfield and a party of Dutch troops is one of the few armed clashes in England during the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 (January 12, 1688 O.S.) – Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of 1688. The settlement of this is agreed on 8 February.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#January–March", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 (February 13, 1688 O.S.) – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#January–March", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May (11 May N.S.) – Battle of Bantry Bay between the English Royal Navy under the Earl of Torrington and the French fleet under the Marquis de Châteaurenault. The French are able to protect their transports unloading supplies for James II and withdraw unpursued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366636271#Events", "title": "1689 in Ireland", "revid": 1366636271, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "1 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: William III defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737671#Events", "title": "1690 in England", "revid": 1353737671, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "1 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne: William III defeats the deposed James II of England, who returns to exile in France from Kinsale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318501333#Events", "title": "1690 in Ireland", "revid": 1318501333, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – (O.S) Joseph Butler, English bishop and philosopher (d. 1752)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#April–June", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Births › April–June"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "17 June (27 June New Style) – Nine Years' War: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet at the Battle of Lagos off Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737717#Events", "title": "1693 in England", "revid": 1353737717, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 (May 7 Old Style) – The 13th century royal Tre Kronor (\"Three Crowns\") castle in Stockholm burns to the ground, and a large portion of the royal library is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#April–June", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 (O.S.) – A series of five student orations at the College of William & Mary precipitate the Colony of Virginia's capital moving from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, resulting in the establishment of Williamsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#April–June", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 O.S.) – The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#July–September", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 OS) – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark-Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323720034#Events", "title": "1700 in Sweden", "revid": 1323720034, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 (November 19 O.S.; November 20 Swedish calendar) – Battle of Narva in Estonia: Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII of Sweden routs the huge Russian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#October–December", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 (November 19 OS; November 20 Swedish calendar) – Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII of Sweden routs the huge Russian army at Narva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323720034#Events", "title": "1700 in Sweden", "revid": 1323720034, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) – on the death of the deposed King James VII of Scotland in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, his son James Francis Edward Stuart declares himself James VIII (and III of England and Ireland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369036659#Events", "title": "1701 in Scotland", "revid": 1369036659, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) — following the death of the deposed King James II of England in exile in France, his son Prince James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the new claimant to the thrones of England as King James III and Scotland as King James VIII; Louis XIV of France, the Papal States, and Philip V of Spain recognise him as the rightful heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365195016#Events", "title": "1701 in England", "revid": 1365195016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 (March 8 Old Style) – Princess Anne Stuart, daughter of the late King James II and younger sister of his successor, Mary II (who had reigned jointly with her husband, William III, as William and Mary until her death in 1694), ascends the English, Scottish and Irish thrones upon William's death. In her first speech to the English Parliament, made three days later, she tells the assembly \"As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England.\" Anne is the mother of 17 children by her husband, Prince George of Denmark and Norway, but none will survive childhood, and she will die without an heir, bringing an end to the reign of the House of Stuart and enabling the Hanoverian Succession. After the death of William, the States General of the Netherlands do not appoint a new stadtholder, and so the Dutch Republic becomes a true republic again, starting the Second Stadtholderless Period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#January–March", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 (March 11 Old Style) – The first regular English-language national newspaper, The Daily Courant, begins publication on Fleet Street in the City of London, initially by Elizabeth Mallet; it covers only foreign news.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#January–March", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 (N.S.) – War of the Spanish Succession: War is declared on France by the Grand Alliance (Kingdom of England, Dutch Republic and Holy Roman Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#April–June", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "26–29 November (7–10 December N.S.) – the Great Storm of 1703, an Atlantic hurricane ravages southern England and the English Channel, killing at least 8,000, chiefly at sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737862#Events", "title": "1703 in England", "revid": 1353737862, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 16 OS) – The city of Saint Petersburg, Russia is founded, following Peter the Great's reconquest of Ingria from Sweden during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#April–June", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7–10 (November 26–29 O.S.) – The Great Storm of 1703, an extratropical cyclone, ravages southern England and the English Channel, killing at least 8,000, mostly at sea. The Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth is destroyed in the storm together with its designer Henry Winstanley and many buildings on land are damaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#October–December", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 (July 23 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Gibraltar is captured from Spain, by English and Dutch forces under Sir George Rooke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "14 April (25 April New Style) – At the Battle of Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot in English service Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737921#Events", "title": "1707 in England", "revid": 1353737921, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 (April 25 New Style) – at the Battle of Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot in English service Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386686#Events", "title": "1707 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386686, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 (May 1 Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being, as a result of the Acts of Union, which combine the Kingdoms of Scotland and England into a single united Kingdom of Great Britain, and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland, to form the Parliament of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "12 May (1 May Old Style) – The new sovereign state of Great Britain comes into being as a result of the Acts of Union which ratified the Treaty of Union: the kingdoms of England and Scotland are combined into a single, United Kingdom and merge the Parliaments of England and Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. The Equivalent, a sum of £398,000, is paid to Scotland by the English government due to Scotland now taking on shared responsibility for England’s national debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320244983#Events", "title": "1707 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320244983, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 (O.S.); September 29 (Swedish calendar); October 9 (N.S.) – Great Northern War: Battle of Lesnaya – Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#July–December", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; July 8 New Style) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava: In Ukraine, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, defeats Charles XII of Sweden, thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279556187#Events", "title": "1709 in Sweden", "revid": 1279556187, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "31 August (11 September NS) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia led by the Duke of Marlborough drive the French from the field but suffer twice as many casualties. The song \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" is based on the French song \"Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre\" composed following this battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331109158#Events", "title": "1709 in Great Britain", "revid": 1331109158, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 24", "text": "24 December (4 January 1717 New Style) – Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on 17 November (28 November New Style).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360127758#Events", "title": "1716 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360127758, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 (December 24, 1716 Old Style) – The kingdoms of Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance, in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on November 28 (November 17) 1716.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "4 January (24 December 1716 OS) – Triple Alliance treaty between France, the Dutch Republic and Great Britain against Spain", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738077#Events", "title": "1717 in France", "revid": 1353738077, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 (November 30 Old Style) – King Charles XII of Sweden is killed at the Siege of Fredriksten in the Great Northern War, the last European monarch to die on a battlefield. His death ends the first era of absolute monarchy in Sweden. Five days later, when the news reaches Stockholm, his sister Princess Ulrika Eleonora proclaims herself Queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 (November 30 Old Style) – King Charles XII of Sweden (shot during siege) (b. 1682)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#Deaths", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 (January 23 Old Style) – The Riksdag of the Estates (the parliament of Sweden) recognizes Ulrika Eleonora's claim to the Swedish throne, after she has agreed to sign a new Swedish constitution. Thus, she is recognized as queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#January–March", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 Old Style (1720 New Style) – the Dependency of Ireland on Great Britain Act 1719 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386595#Events", "title": "1719 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386595, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 (February 29 Old Style) – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden resigns, to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden. She had desired a joint rule, in a similar manner to William III and Mary II in Britain, but as the Riksdag of the Estates (Sweden's parliament) refuses this, she abdicates in her husband's favour instead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – the Parliament of Great Britain passes the Dependency of Ireland on Great Britain Act 1719 [that is, 1719 Old Style, meaning 1720 in New Style dating], also known as the Declaratory Act 1720, declaring the right of the Parliament of Great Britain to legislate for Ireland and denying the appellate jurisdiction of the Irish House of Lords.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386376#Events", "title": "1720 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386376, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 (August 23 Old Style) – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#July_–September", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#October_–December", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 16", "text": "16 June (5 June O.S.) – Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher (died 1790)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245351#Births", "title": "1723 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245351, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – (January 28 Old Style) Catherine I becomes Empress of Russia on the death of her husband, Peter the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#January–March", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 (January 12 Old Style) – The Conventicle Act (Konventikelplakatet) is adopted in Sweden, outlawing all non-Lutheran religious meetings outside of church services.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#January–March", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 (October 28 Old Style) – Jonathan Swift's satirical novel Gulliver's Travels is first published (anonymously) in London; it sells out within a week.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#October–December", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 (July 11 Old Style) – George, Prince of Wales, becomes King George II of Great Britain, on the death of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#April–June", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 27", "text": "27 October (O.S.) – James Cook, naval captain and explorer (died 1779)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363711553#Births", "title": "1728 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363711553, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – (June 2 Old Style); The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340647395#April–June", "title": "1739", "revid": 1340647395, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 (March 17 O.S.) – Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Russian princess, courtier and patron of the arts and sciences (d. 1810)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#Births", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "16 June (27 June New Style) – War of the Austrian Succession: the Battle of Dettingen is fought in Bavaria; King George II leads the troops of Britain and Brunswick to victory over the French – the last time a reigning British monarch participates in a battle. The Prime Minister, Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, is also present, observing from a carriage. George Frideric Handel writes the oratorio Dettingen Te Deum in celebration of the King's victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369569595#January_to_June", "title": "1743 in Great Britain", "revid": 1369569595, "section": "Events › January to June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#April–June", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "27 June (16 June O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria – British forces, including the Royal Scots Greys, the Scots Guards and the Royal Scots Fusiliers, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat the French; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last reigning British monarch to participate in a battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738401#Events", "title": "1743 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738401, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "1 August (12 August New Style) – Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria. Irish mercenaries fight on both sides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277895272#Events", "title": "1744 in Ireland", "revid": 1277895272, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 (July 26 Old Style) – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Surrey, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353016128#July–September", "title": "1745", "revid": 1353016128, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March [ O.S. 14 March] – Alexander Bezborodko, (d. 1799)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332834395#Births", "title": "1747 in Russia", "revid": 1332834395, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25, in England and Wales and \"in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America\" due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The months of January 1751, February 1751 and most of March 1751 did not exist in British territories: those months were recorded as the last three of 1750 according to the Old Style dating system; the equivalent months a year later were recorded as the first three of 1752 under the New Style system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#January–March", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 13 Old Style) – Adoption of the Gregorian calendar: Royal assent is given to An Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use (the \"Calendar Act\") passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, introducing the Gregorian Calendar, correcting the eleven-day difference between Old Style and New Style dates and making 1 January legally New Year's Day from 1752 in the British Empire. It is largely promoted by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 27", "text": "27 May – adoption of the Gregorian calendar: royal assent is given to An Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year; and for Correcting the Calendar now in Use (the \"Calendar Act\") passed by Parliament, introducing the Gregorian Calendar, correcting the eleven-day difference between Old Style and New Style dates and making 1 January legally New Year's Day from 1752 in the British Empire. It is largely promoted by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835169#Events", "title": "1751 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835169, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "3–13 September inclusive – these dates are omitted from the calendar in Great Britain and Ireland as part of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, correcting the discrepancy between Old Style and New Style dates, under terms of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386054#Events", "title": "1752 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386054, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "3–13 September – these dates are omitted from the calendar in Britain as part of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar to correct the discrepancy between Old Style and New Style dates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254110#Events", "title": "1752 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254110, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 of Julian calendar (Wednesday) (September 13 \"New Style\")– Great Britain and the British Empire use the Julian calendar for the last time and adopt the Gregorian calendar, making the next day Thursday, September 14 in the English-speaking world. A newspaper at the time notes the next day that \"Altho' we have more than once, for the Information of our Readers, publish'd some Accounts of the Alteration of the Style, which took Place this Day, agreeable to a late Act of Parliament, in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America\" and notes that \"The Supputation of the Year began on the first Day of January last, and for the future the first Day of that Month will be stiled the first Day of every Year in all Accounts whatsoever, which Supputation or Reckoning never took Place before this Year in any Courts of Law until the 25th Day of March\", and adds, \"This Day, had not this Act passed, would have been the 3rd of September, but is now reckoned the 14th, eleven nominal Days being omitted.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 (July 21 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) – Battle of Kagul: Russian commander Pyotr Rumyantsev routs 150,000 Turks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#July–_September", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1774, "year_label": "1774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 (June 9 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): Battle of Kozludzha – The Imperial Russian Army, led by Alexander Suvorov, routs numerically superior Ottoman Empire forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560805#April–June", "title": "1774", "revid": 1369560805, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – The First League of Armed Neutrality is formed by Russia with Denmark and Sweden to try to prevent the British Royal Navy from searching neutral vessels for contraband (February 28 O.S.).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370564554#January–March", "title": "1780", "revid": 1370564554, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 (June 23 O.S.) – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#July–December", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 (NS, January 15 OS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in Vostok with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#January–March", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 (November 19 O.S.) – Nicholas I succeeds his brother Alexander I, as emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367239114#Events", "title": "1825 in Russia", "revid": 1367239114, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1853, "year_label": "1853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 (November 18 O.S.) – Crimean War: Battle of Sinop – The Russian fleet destroys the Turkish fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352708271#October–December", "title": "1853", "revid": 1352708271, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 (June 30 O.S.) – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (b. 1802)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#July–December", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 (August 28 O.S.) – Crimean War: Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) – Sevastopol falls to French and British troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#July–September", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 (September 10 O.S.) – Russian ship of the line Lefort sinks in the Gulf of Finland during a sudden squall with the loss of 826 lives; 30 other ships are wrecked in the same storm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#July–September", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 (O. S.) – Under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia are united under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. It would be a principal step in forming the modern state of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#January–March", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#July", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 (April 20 O.S.) – April Uprising of 1876 in Ottoman Bulgaria begins: members of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee rise up against their Ottoman Empire overlords. Over the course of one month and 6 days, the rebellion is suppressed by irregular Ottoman bashi-bazouk units that engage in indiscriminate slaughter of both rebels and non-combatants, killing 15,000–30,000, including the principal rebel leaders and around 5,000 in the Batak massacre. Although the rising does not immediately succeed in its aims, reports of the \"Bulgarian Horrors\" cause a public outcry in the West and the liberation of Bulgaria is achieved two years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#May", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 (May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the Parliament of Romania by Mihail Kogălniceanu, the country declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#May", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#March", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 (February 12 Old Style) – Qing dynasty China signs the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#February", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 (March 1 Old Style) – Assassination of Alexander II of Russia: Emperor Alexander II of Russia (\"the Liberator\") is killed near his palace in Saint Petersburg when bombs are thrown at him, an act committed by the revolutionary socialist group Narodnaya Volya coordinated by Sophia Perovskaya but falsely blamed upon Russian Jews. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III. The assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki is also killed by his own bomb.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#March", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 (March 14 Old Style) – The Principality of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#March", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 (May 10 Old Style) – Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is crowned King of Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#May", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 (February 22 Old Style) – The Principality of Serbia becomes the Kingdom of Serbia following a proclamation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#March", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 (October 16 O.S.) – In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique, nine days before his death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – (October 26 Old Style) – Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya receives its Russian metropolitan première at the Moscow Art Theatre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#November", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30–August 23 (July 17–August 10, O.S.) – The Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#July", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 (January 9 O.S.) – The Bloody Sunday massacre of peaceful Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg takes place, leading to an unsuccessful uprising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#January", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 O.S: The Saint Petersburg Soviet holds its first meeting, the first elected workers' Soviet (council) in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942510#Events", "title": "1905 in Russia", "revid": 1330942510, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 (June 17 OS) – The Tunguska event near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russian Empire, is believed to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment, at an altitude of 5 – 10 km above the Earth's surface.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#June", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 (Old Style January 5) – Prague Conference: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#January", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#May", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#August", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – (December 17 Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#December", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#September", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › September"}}]}