{"slug": "northumbria", "label": "Northumbria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107299", "qid": "Q107299", "description": "kingdom of the Angles (653–954)", "entries": 121, "years": 111, "span": [604, 1089], "span_label": ["604 CE", "1089 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 44}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 27}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 24}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Kingdom of Northumbria"], "related": [{"slug": "oswiu", "label": "Oswiu", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "picts", "label": "Picts", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "mercia", "label": "Mercia", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "wilfrid", "label": "Wilfrid", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "wessex", "label": "Wessex", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ecgfrith-of-northumbria", "label": "Ecgfrith of Northumbria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "york", "label": "York", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "thelred-i-of-northumbria", "label": "Æthelred I of Northumbria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "lindisfarne", "label": "Lindisfarne", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Oswald, king (bretwalda) of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Births", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 605, "year_label": "605 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904400#Britain", "title": "605", "revid": 1364904400, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Oswiu, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Births", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Chester: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Gwynedd (northwest Wales), in order to route out his old enemy, Edwin of Deira. A united Brythonic force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) is defeated near Chester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Britain", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Rædwald of East Anglia conquers Northumbria (Northern England) at the Battle of the River Idle. King Æthelfrith is killed during the fighting and his children are forced to flee north. His heir, prince Eanfrith (age 26), seeks refuge with his mother's family, probably in Gododdin (modern Scotland), and moves further north into Pictland. Princes Oswald (age 12), Oswiu (age 4) and others escape to the court of King Eochaid Buide of Dál Riata, where they are converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Britain", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Deaths", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – St. Justus is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Boniface V upon the death of Archbishop Mellitus., receiving the pallium — symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops. He oversees the dispatch of missionaries to Northumbria in northern England to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Edwin of Northumbria defeats the West Saxons under Cynegils, who has tried to thwart the growing strength of Edwin by having him assassinated. Edwin obliges Cynegils to acknowledge Northumbria's supremacy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Britain", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 626, "year_label": "626 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352126742#Births", "title": "626", "revid": 1352126742, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 or 632 – Edwin, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Deaths", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eanfrith of Bernicia and his bodyguard are killed by King Cadwallon of Gwynedd, in an attempt to negotiate peace. Eanfrith's brother Oswald returns from 18 years exile in Dál Riata (modern Scotland), to claim the crown of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Britain", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 635, "year_label": "635 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, founds the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumbria (northern England).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906250#Religion", "title": "635", "revid": 1364906250, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh (Scotland). His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged (\"Old North\"). Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Britain", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hartlepool Abbey in Northumbria (northern England) is founded. Wooden huts surrounding a church are built in Saxon style.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Britain", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 or 641 – Oswald, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Deaths", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 644, "year_label": "644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king of Deira (Northern England) despite armed objections from King Oswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the Kingdom of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635050#Britain", "title": "644", "revid": 1367635050, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Births", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded by Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, to enter the monastic life at Hartlepool Abbey (Northumbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Religion", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 647, "year_label": "647 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Æthelburh of Kent, queen of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804471#Deaths", "title": "647", "revid": 1340804471, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Talorgan I, nephew of Oswiu, is crowned king of the Picts. He probably accepts Northumbrian overlordship and pays tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Britain", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 656, "year_label": "656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Œthelwald of Deira is removed from office by his uncle Oswiu, because of his desertion at the Battle of the Winwaed, and replaced by the latter's son Alhfrith, as subject king in a united Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635539#Britain", "title": "656", "revid": 1367635539, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 656, "year_label": "656 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pengwern (modern Wales) and kills King Cynddylan in battle, near the River Trent. Cynddylan's brother Morfael and the rest of the royal family flee to Glastening (Wessex).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635539#Britain", "title": "656", "revid": 1367635539, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A revolt led by three Mercian noblemen (Immin, Eata, and Eadberht) installs Wulfhere (son of king Penda) as ruler of Mercia, and drives out the supporters of King Oswiu of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Britain", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Cenwalh of Wessex becomes dissatisfied with his local bishop, Agilbert of Dorchester, as he does not speak West-Saxon. Cenwalh splits the episcopal see of Wessex in two. Wine becomes the first bishop of Winchester, by the Saxons called Wintancestir. Agilbert resigns in protest and travels north to Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Britain", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Oswiu of Northumbria invades Pictland (modern Scotland). He establishes overlordship of, at least, the Southern Pictish sub-kingdoms of Fortriu and Fib (and possibly Circinn).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Britain", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 664, "year_label": "664 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Synod of Whitby: King Oswiu of Northumbria calls for a meeting at Whitby Abbey to settle the church practices in his kingdom—those of the Celtic Church (of Wales, Scotland and the north of England – preached by Irish missionaries) or the Roman Church (of the south of England). The matters discussed include how to calculate the date of Easter. It is decided to follow the practice of Rome. As a result, many Irish clergy leave Northumbria and return to Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636792#Religion", "title": "664", "revid": 1367636792, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon abbot, refuses to be consecrated in Northumbria as bishop, and travels to Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Religion", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 666, "year_label": "666 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid returns to Great Britain, but is shipwrecked in Sussex. When he finally reaches Northumbria, he finds he has been deposed and is forced to retire to Ripon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368711664#Religion", "title": "AD 666", "revid": 1368711664, "section": "Events › By place › Religion"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – King Oswiu of Northumbria dies during a pilgrimage to Rome in the company of bishop Wilfrid. He is succeeded by his son Ecgfrith, while his youngest son Ælfwine becomes king of Deira. Oswiu is buried at Whitby Abbey, alongside Edwin of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Britain", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Oswiu, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Deaths", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Æthelthryth, former queen of Northumbria, gives large areas of land to bishop Wilfrid to found Hexham Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Religion", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 678, "year_label": "678 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelred of Mercia defeats the Northumbrian forces under King Ecgfrith, in a battle near the River Trent. Archbishop Theodore helps to resolve differences between the two, Æthelred agreeing to pay a weregild to avoid any resumption of hostilities (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352010309#Britain", "title": "678", "revid": 1352010309, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 678, "year_label": "678 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid, bishop of York, is at the height of his power and owns vast estates throughout Northumbria. After his refusal to agree to a division of his see, Ecgfrith and Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, have him banished from Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352010309#Religion", "title": "678", "revid": 1352010309, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 679, "year_label": "679 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Æthelthryth, queen of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204947#Deaths", "title": "AD 679", "revid": 1349204947, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid returns to Northumbria, with papal support, but is imprisoned by King Ecgfrith, and again exiled. He travels to the Kingdom of Sussex and begins to evangelise the people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Religion", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 682, "year_label": "682 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Ecgfrith requests Benedict Biscop to build a second monastery at Jarrow (Northumbria). Benedict leaves Monkwearmouth with 20 monks, (including his protégé, the young Bede).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973674#Europe", "title": "682", "revid": 1347973674, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 684, "year_label": "684 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cuthbert is elected Bishop of Hexham, and receives a visit from a large group under Ecgfrith. He agrees to return to Lindisfarne (Northumbria) to take up duties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805928#Religion", "title": "684", "revid": 1340805928, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aldfrith, illegitimate half-brother of Ecgfrith, becomes (possibly with Irish and Scottish help) king of Northumbria. He is brought from Iona (Inner Hebrides), where he is studying for a career in the church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Britain", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Deaths", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 686, "year_label": "686 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Plague kills almost all of the Benedictine monks in the monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey (Northumbria), aside from the abbot Ceolfrith and one small boy – future scholar Bede.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367994465#Religion", "title": "686", "revid": 1367994465, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 686, "year_label": "686 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367994465#Deaths", "title": "686", "revid": 1367994465, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 687, "year_label": "687 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Adomnán, Irish abbot of Iona, visits the court of King Ecgfrith, to ransom Irish captives (60 Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806293#Britain", "title": "687", "revid": 1340806293, "section": "Events › By place › Europe › Britain"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eadberht is appointed bishop of Lindisfarne (Northumbria). He founds the holy shrine to his predecessor Cuthbert, a place that becomes a centre of great pilgrimage in later years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Religion", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 691, "year_label": "691 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon, tries to make himself bishop of all Northumbria. King Aldfrith seizes many of his Ripon Abbey estates, and proposes to create a bishopric there. Wilfrid is banished and flees to Mercia, where King Æthelred makes him bishop of Leicester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806265#Religion", "title": "691", "revid": 1340806265, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Osred I, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Births", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Berhtred, Anglo-Saxon nobleman, is killed leading a Northumbrian army against the Picts. The kingdom of Cait (or Cat) in northern Scotland is absorbed (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Britain", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 700, "year_label": "700 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria enters religious life. The Anglo-Saxon religious community at St. Mary's Nunnery is re-founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806781#Religion", "title": "700", "revid": 1340806781, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 705)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Deaths", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 704)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Deaths", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 706, "year_label": "706 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, is obliged by the pope's insistence to call the Synod of Nidd (Northumbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367660928#Religion", "title": "706", "revid": 1367660928, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dux Berhtfrith leads a Northumbrian campaign against the Picts, and defeats them in Manaw Gododdin (modern Scotland) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Britain", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 713, "year_label": "713 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Ealdwulf of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ælfwald. Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria travels south to found a monastery at Wimborne (Dorset).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807131#Britain", "title": "713", "revid": 1340807131, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Nechtan mac Der-Ilei invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Britain", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eadwulf I, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Deaths", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Former queen Cuthburh of Northumbria, abbess of Wimborne, dies at her abbey and is buried there (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Britain", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 729, "year_label": "729 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Osric, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808680#Deaths", "title": "729", "revid": 1340808680, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 739, "year_label": "739 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Willibrord, the first bishop of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Northumbrian missionary, dies at Echternach (modern Luxembourg).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809724#Religion", "title": "739", "revid": 1340809724, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Eadberht of Northumbria marches his army north to attack the Picts. King Æthelbald of Mercia takes advantage of his absence, and ravages the city of York. Internal struggles re-emerge in Northumbria with the murder of Eardwine, probably the son of the late usurping king Eadwulf I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Britain", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Oswulf, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Deaths", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 762, "year_label": "762 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Æthelred I, king of Northumbria (d. 796)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847727#Births", "title": "762", "revid": 1340847727, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 768, "year_label": "768 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Eadberht, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068964#Deaths", "title": "768", "revid": 1267068964, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Alhred, who is driven from his capital York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts, where he is received by King Ciniod I. He is replaced by Æthelred I, the 11-year-old son of the late king Æthelwald Moll.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Britain", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Unrest in Northumbria leads to King Æthelred I ordering the execution of three of his dukes. This considerably weakens his position (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Britain", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – Ælfwald I, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Deaths", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelred I returns to Northumbria, and is restored to the throne after living in exile for 11 years. His rival Osred II is deposed, forcibly tonsured, and exiled to the Isle of Man. Æthelred then faces a rebellion by another rival, named Eardwulf. The latter is captured, and hanged outside the gates to Ripon Abbey. The body is taken into the abbey, where Eardwulf recovers and escapes to exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Britain", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 791, "year_label": "791 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Princes Ælf and Ælfwine of Northumbria, the sons of former king Ælfwald I, are persuaded to leave their sanctuary in York Minster, and are immediately forcibly drowned in Wonwaldremere, at the instigation of King Æthelred I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749143#Britain", "title": "791", "revid": 1364749143, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Æthelred I of Northumbria marries Princess Ælfflæd, daughter of King Offa of Mercia, at Catterick. Unrest in Northumbria tempts the exiled king Osred II back to his kingdom from the Isle of Man. His supporters desert him, and Osred II is killed by Æthelred's men at Aynburg. He is buried at Tynemouth Priory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Britain", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 793, "year_label": "793 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Viking raiders attack the Northumbrian coast, arriving in longships from either Denmark or Norway, and sacking the monastery of Lindisfarne. Many of the monks are killed or enslaved. It is the first Viking attack on a monastery in the British Isles, although it is not the first known Viking attack in the British Isles. The first attack came in 789, when Vikings raided the settlement of Portland in Dorset.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906953#Britain", "title": "793", "revid": 1364906953, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Northumbria (the second monastery target in England of the Vikings, after the raids on Lindisfarne in 793).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Britain", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 796, "year_label": "796 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Æthelred I, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907018#Deaths", "title": "796", "revid": 1364907018, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ealhmund, prince of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Deaths", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ælfwald II, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Deaths", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Deaths", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Battle of the River Dore: Egbert of Wessex leads his army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where he clashes with King Eanred of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Britain", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Deaths", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 832, "year_label": "832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075509#Britain_and_Ireland", "title": "832", "revid": 1267075509, "section": "Events › By place › Britain and Ireland"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rædwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Deaths", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 850, "year_label": "850 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kenneth I (also called Kenneth MacAlpin) of Alba (modern Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burning Dunbar and Melrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129147#Britain", "title": "850", "revid": 1341129147, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Æthelred II, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Deaths", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Osberht of Northumbria engages in a dispute for royal power, with a rival claimant named Ælla. After Osberht is replaced, Ælla wields power in Northumbria, but the civil war continues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Britain", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok is captured by the Northumbrians in battle, and killed by being thrown into a pit filled with venomous snakes, on the orders of King Ælla of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Britain", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 866, "year_label": "866 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Great Heathen Army of the Vikings rides north to Northumbria. The Northumbrians are preoccupied with a civil war, and the Danes enter York unopposed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129580#Britain", "title": "866", "revid": 1341129580, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Vikings or \"Danes\" (the two terms were often used interchangeably at the time), comprising the Great Heathen Army, advance northward from bases in the Kingdom of East Anglia, into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Britain", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Ælla, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Deaths", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Great Heathen Army returns to Northumbria, to put down a rebellion at York. King Ecgberht I and his archbishop, Wulfhere, are expelled by the Northumbrians and flee to Mercia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Britain", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ecgberht I, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Deaths", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 874, "year_label": "874 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Great Heathen Army splits into two bands; Halfdan returns with his forces to Northumbria, along with his brother Ubba, where he establishes a new base on the River Tyne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347164206#Britain", "title": "874", "revid": 1347164206, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Vikings in Northumbria and East Anglia swear allegiance and hand over hostages to King Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest of England. A Viking force returns from Exeter and sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunder Chichester. They are defeated by the Saxon garrison, losing many ships and men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Britain", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Guthred, king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Deaths", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Æthelwold's Revolt: Following the death of Alfred the Great, Æthelwold (youngest son of the late king Æthelred I) disputes the succession of Edward the Elder. He seizes the royal estates at Wimborne, the ancient symbolic burial place of West Saxon kings, and Christchurch. Edward set up his army camp at Badbury Rings. Æthelwold first declares that he will 'live or die' at Wimborne, but then flees to Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Britain", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 909, "year_label": "909 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Edward the Elder despatches an Anglo-Saxon army to attack the Northumbrian Vikings, and ravages Scandinavian York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367656270#Britain", "title": "909", "revid": 1367656270, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Eowils and Halfdan, kings of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Deaths", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eadwulf II, ruler (high-reeve) of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Deaths", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 918, "year_label": "918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Corbridge: High-Reeve Ealdred I persuades King Constantine II of Scotland to help him reclaim his position in Bernicia. They mount an invasion of his now Norse controlled lands. The Vikings under Ragnall ua Ímair (or Rægnald) defeat the Scots and their allies at Corbridge (Northern Northumbria), but take heavy casualties themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509557#Britain", "title": "918", "revid": 1341509557, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ragnall ua Ímair, a Viking chief from Ireland, takes control of the Norse Kingdom of York (also referred to as Jórvik) and the English-ruled Earldom of Northumbria. He establishes himself as king at York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Britain", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Britain"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "High-Reeve Ealdred I, ruler of the former kingdom of Bernicia (Northumbria), and his brother Uhtred, submit to the overlordship of King Edward the Elder (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Britain", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ragnall ua Ímair, Viking king of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Deaths", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 926, "year_label": "926 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelstan of Wessex and Mercia annexes Northumbria, and forces Wales and Strathclyde to accept his sovereignty along with the Picts and the Scots (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509745#Britain", "title": "926", "revid": 1341509745, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 939, "year_label": "939 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – King Æthelstan dies at Gloucester after a 15-year reign. He is buried at Malmesbury Abbey and succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I (\"the Magnificent\"). After Æthelstan's death Olaf Guthfrithson (or his cousin, Anlaf Cuaran) a Viking leader who rules Dublin, is proclaimed king of York (south of Northumbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656722#England", "title": "939", "revid": 1366656722, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 941, "year_label": "941 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Olaf Guthfrithson, a Norse-Irish chieftain, is killed while raiding an ancient Anglian church at Tyninghame (Northern Northumbria). He is succeeded by his cousin Olaf Sigtryggsson as ruler of Jórvik (modern Yorkshire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512041#Europe", "title": "941", "revid": 1341512041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Edmund I regains (with the help of Danish settlers) the territory he ceded to Olaf Guthfrithson. He conquers Northumbria and cedes Cumberland to Malcolm I, king of the 'Picts and Scots'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#England", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Eadred ravages Northumbria and burns down St. Wilfrid's church at Ripon. On his way home, he sustains heavy losses at Castleford. Eadred manages to check his rivals, and the Northumbrians are forced to pay him compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#England", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Eric I (Bloodaxe) is killed at Stainmore allowing King Eadred to recover York, reuniting Northumbria with that of All England. High-Reeve Osulf I of Bamburgh is appointed ealdorman (\"earl\") of Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#British_Isles", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Mercia and Northumbria rebel against King Eadwig and switch their allegiance to his brother Edgar. The English nobles (in support of the church) agree to divide the kingdom along the Thames River, with Eadwig keeping Wessex and Kent in the south and Edgar ruling in the north. Edgar's advisers recall Dunstan from Flanders (see 956).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#England", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 959, "year_label": "959 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – King Eadwig dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old brother Edgar I (the Peaceful), who effectively completes the unification of England, when Northumbria submits to his rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512808#England", "title": "959", "revid": 1341512808, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Uhtred (the Bold), a son of Ealdorman Waltheof I of Northumbria, establishes an episcopal see at Durham and moves the monastic community of Chester-le-Street there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#England", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Europe › England"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sweyn I (Forkbeard) lands with a Danish Viking fleet in East Anglia, ravaging the countryside. Northumbria surrenders to him (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#England", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ælfhelm of York, ealdorman (dux) of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Deaths", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard (accompanied by his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again London defends itself and the Vikings move elsewhere, plundering Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria. King Æthelred the Unready sends his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy. Æthelred retreats to the Isle of Wight and follows them later into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#England", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1015, "year_label": "1015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365259982#Europe", "title": "1015", "revid": 1365259982, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cnut divides England into four earldoms: Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#England", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › England"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Births", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1035, "year_label": "1035 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – King Cnut the Great dies at Shaftesbury, leaving the rule of England in dispute between his sons Harthacnut and Harold Harefoot. The earls of Northumbria and Mercia support Harold's claim, while Godwin (Earl of Wessex) supports Harthacnut. Harold is elected as regent (or joint ruler) of England. Cnut is buried in the Old Minster, in Winchester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362167727#England", "title": "1035", "revid": 1362167727, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Siward, earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland, to support King Malcolm III against Macbeth, who has usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, Duncan I. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Scotland", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Scotland"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Edward the Confessor gives Tostig Godwinson (upon the death of Earl Siward) the important position as earl of Northumbria and the difficult mission of bringing the northern state under control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#England", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Siward (or Sigurd), earl of Northumbria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Deaths", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria — killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#Deaths", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Northumbrians kill the new Norman earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines, at Durham, and attack York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#England", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1076, "year_label": "1076 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (executed)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362789427#Deaths", "title": "1076", "revid": 1362789427, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham, is killed by rebel Northumbrians. King William the Conqueror sends a punitive expedition led by his half-brother Odo of Bayeux to pacify Northumbria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Britain", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1089, "year_label": "1089 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270667#England", "title": "1089", "revid": 1365270667, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}]}