{"slug": "northern-ireland", "label": "Northern Ireland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26", "qid": "Q26", "description": "part of the United Kingdom situated on the island of Ireland", "entries": 45, "years": 31, "span": [-94, 1998], "span_label": ["95 BCE", "1998 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "provisional-irish-republican-army", "label": "Provisional Irish Republican Army", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "the-troubles", "label": "The Troubles", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "belfast", "label": "Belfast", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "republic-of-ireland", "label": "Republic of Ireland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "protestantism", "label": "Protestantism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "irish-nationalism", "label": "Irish nationalism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "irish-sea", "label": "Irish Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "taoiseach", "label": "Taoiseach", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom", "label": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "armagh", "label": "Armagh", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "saint-patrick", "label": "Saint Patrick", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -94, "year_label": "95 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "\"Forty-metre structure\" at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh, Northern Ireland) was built and destroyed, presumably for ritual or ceremonial purposes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371872188#Ireland", "title": "95 BC", "revid": 1371872188, "section": "Events › By place › Ireland"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Bangor Abbey is founded by the Irish abbot Comgall in Northern Ireland (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Religion", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1109, "year_label": "1109 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An army was led by the High King, with the people of Northern Ireland, to Sliabh. However, Ceallach, successor of Patrick, made a year's peace between Mac Lochlainn and Ua Briain; after which the people with the Cinel-Conaill and Cinel-Eoghain, proceeded to attack the Ulidians; who in turn gave them the three hostages which they themselves selected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338984246#Events", "title": "1109 in Ireland", "revid": 1338984246, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Rory O'Donnell (Rudhraighe Ó Domhnaill) becomes the last Irish King of Tyrconnell upon the death of his brother, Hugh Roe O'Donnell (Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill). After less than a year, Rory allows Tyrconnell (modern-day County Donegal in Northern Ireland) to come under Irish control in return for being created the Earl of Tyrconnell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#July–September", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11: A major earthquake strikes Skjálfandi in Northern Iceland, causing damage in the area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330929707#Events", "title": "1755 in Iceland", "revid": 1330929707, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Belfast Academy (later Belfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev. James Crombie in Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#Date_unknown", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#Date_unknown", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Austins of Derry established in Northern Ireland. At closure in 2016 it will be the world's oldest independent department store.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333513862#Undated", "title": "1830 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1333513862, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#December", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Belfast side Alton United of the Falls District League are shock winners of the Free State Cup beating Shelbourne 1–0 in the final at Dalymount Park. Clubs and leagues in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland had affiliated to the FA of the Irish Free State after the 1921 split from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326804677#Football", "title": "1923 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1326804677, "section": "Sport › Football"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 6", "text": "6 May – James Craig refuses to nominate a Northern Ireland representative to the Boundary Commission.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362130993#Events", "title": "1924 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1362130993, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 24", "text": "24 October – Éamon de Valera is arrested at Newry Town Hall after defying an order preventing him from speaking in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362130993#Events", "title": "1924 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1362130993, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 18", "text": "18 April – censuses are held in both parts of Ireland. The 1926 Irish Free State census records a population of 2,971,992; the population of Northern Ireland is 1,257,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349690041#Events", "title": "1926 in Ireland", "revid": 1349690041, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20–21 – Amelia Earhart flies from the United States to County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#May", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 18", "text": "18 January – Joseph Devlin, Nationalist politician and MP in the British House of Commons and in Northern Ireland (born 1872).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316621905#Deaths", "title": "1934 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1316621905, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 1", "text": "1 June – Sale of the neutralist Derry Journal in Northern Ireland is prohibited for four days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321973658#Events", "title": "1940 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1321973658, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 26", "text": "26 May – A special sitting of Dáil Éireann unanimously condemns the introduction of conscription in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286174033#Events", "title": "1941 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1286174033, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27–28 – English endurance swimmer Tom Blower becomes the first person to swim the North Channel, from Donaghadee in Northern Ireland to Portpatrick in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#July", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 31", "text": "31 January – The car ferry MV Princess Victoria sailing from Stranraer, Scotland to Larne, Northern Ireland, sinks in the Irish Sea killing 133 people on board. The dead include Northern Ireland Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Major Maynard Sinclair and Sir Walter Smiles, the Ulster Unionist MP for North Down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326616844#Events", "title": "1953 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1326616844, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 22", "text": "22 September – At its inaugural conference the Irish Congress of Trade Unions attacks the government of Northern Ireland for not recognising the new organisation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292744106#Events", "title": "1959 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1292744106, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – The First Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#January–February", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 27", "text": "27 January – Reverend Ian Paisley, hardline Protestant leader in Northern Ireland, is jailed for three months for illegal assembly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363919367#Events", "title": "1969 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1363919367, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Troubles: British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland to restore order following three days of political and sectarian violence, marking the beginning of the 37-year Operation Banner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#August", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#May", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Internment in Northern Ireland: British security forces arrest hundreds of nationalists and detain them without trial in Long Kesh prison; 20 people die in the riots that follow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#August", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – Rev. Ian Paisley founds the Democratic Unionist Party in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#October", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The Troubles: Bloody Friday – 22 bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#July", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – The Troubles: A referendum is held in Northern Ireland over whether to reunite with the Republic of Ireland or to stay a part of the UK. The result was 98% remain. The Provisional Irish Republican Army responds to the referendum by planting four car bombs in London on the same day, two of which went off, causing one death and injuring over 200 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#March", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#March", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#June", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "5 January - Kingsmill massacre: ten Protestant men killed in South Armagh, Northern Ireland, by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), using the cover name \"South Armagh Republican Action Force\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312432293#Events", "title": "1976 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1312432293, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – U.K. Home Secretary Merlyn Rees ends Special Category Status for those sentenced for scheduled terrorist crimes relating to the civil violence in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#March", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in Direct rule over Northern Ireland by the Government of the United Kingdom in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#March", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Around 10,000 Protestant and Catholic women demonstrate for peace in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#August", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#January", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 18", "text": "18 January – The European Court of Human Rights finds Britain guilty of inhuman and degrading treatment of republican internees in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364589374#Events", "title": "1978 in Northern Ireland", "revid": 1364589374, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The first DeLorean automobile, a stainless steel sports car with gull-wing doors, rolls off the production line in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#January", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – 1981 Irish hunger strike: Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member, begins a hunger strike for political status at HM Prison Maze (Long Kesh) in Northern Ireland, dying on May 5, the first of 7 IRA and 3 INLA hunger strikers to die.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#March", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry in Northern Ireland. With nine officers dead, it is the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#February", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – Milltown Cemetery attack: Three men are killed and 70 wounded in a gun and grenade attack by loyalist paramilitary Michael Stone on mourners at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the funerals of the 3 IRA members killed in Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#March", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#August", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated inside Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#December", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#April", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The Troubles: The Omagh bombing is carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real Irish Republican Army as a reaction to the Good Friday Agreement. 29 people are killed and 220 are injured. Shortly after these events, the group will call a ceasefire in response, signaling an end to the 30+ year conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#August", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Ireland formally relinquishes its territorial claim over Northern Ireland and recognizes the United Kingdom's sovereignty there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373236679#December", "title": "1998", "revid": 1373236679, "section": "Events › December"}}]}